Was the Spanish Inquisition Politically, Socially, or Religiously Essay

Was the Spanish Inquisition Politically, Socially, or Religiously Motivated - Essay Example The Spanish Inquisition started in 1478 by the Catholic monarchs of Spain, Ferdinand II and Isabella I, by the promulgation of the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition. It was not officially abolished till 1834. As a result of the said Inquisition, many people had their properties confiscated, and were tortured, maimed and even murdered, all in the name of religion. It was an effort on the part of the monarchs to ensure that Christianity became the only religion in their kingdom. Thereby not only were the Jews and Muslims living within the Spanish realm forced to convert to Christianity on pain of death, but it was ensured that the new converts stuck to the orthodox beliefs and did not revert to their â€Å"pagan† ways of before. But just what was the real motivation behind the Inquisition has been a topic of debate for many over the years. The various possible motivations include political, socio-economic, and, of course, religious. According to those who put forward the political motivation theory, the main reason behind the introduction of Inquisition was that the monarchs wanted to increase their political authority throughout Spain and ensure that their writ was followed. Thus, they ensured, through torture or a threat thereof, that their political authority was established.

Hospitality Industry Questionnaire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hospitality Industry Questionnaire - Essay Example Major role is to develop new ideas for creative events and recreational activities that would keep the customers interested and tempt him to experience events and go in for innovative recreational activities. Ensure safety and security for various stakeholders in the hospitality industry. Ensure that events and recreational activities are environment friendly and conducted within the parameter of defined government guidelines and ethics. They oversee the smooth front desk operation of hospitality industry and therefore, they should be of pleasant demeanor, well mannered and extrovert persons who can be trusted to act with discretion at all time. They should be highly motivated with good interpersonal and communication skills. They should exhibit exemplary leadership qualities and must possess innate sense of responsibility and accountability. F&B Manager must be knowledgeable, witty, enthusiastic, fun loving and creative. He or she should have leadership traits and ensure state of the art services in the field of F&B. They should also have strong organizational and communication skills. Degree in Hospitality Management with specialization in food and beverages is essential. Computer skills are also necessary. He should have minimum 2 years of experience in the F&B department of hospitality industry. He should have strong communication skills and managerial leadership qualities. He should also be tactful, patient and optimistic. His extrovert nature and persuasion skills should be extraordinary so that he is able to sell the various product and services of the hospitality industry. He should be used to working under stressful conditions and long

Samsung Analysis: Porters Five, SWOT and PESTEL

Samsung Analysis: Porters Five, SWOT and PESTEL INTRODUCTION Samsung electronics Industry Corporation was created in 1969 as a division of Samsung group, and the name of corporation was changed to the current name which Samsung electronics in 1984. Mainly it manufacture and exported electronics products, which include color TV, electronic calculator, electronic watch, electronic cash registers, as well as electronic home appliances such as refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, an also telecommunication devices. Especially, it recorded the outstanding number of manufacturing black and white TVs which was going up above 10 million and took top of the world in terms of export of black and white TVs. It succeeded to develop super mini VTR (8mm) in 1983, started to export VTR in 1985, and merged Samsung semiconductors and telecommunication cooperation in 1988. Since then Samsung electronics has dramatically grown as one of the worlds leading electronic giant with branches all over the world. Now millions of Samsung electronic products are being manufactured and sold every day and its product is seen in almost every house around the world. Samsung electronics has one of the best inventory management systems, supply and distribution chain in the world and its products are unique and durable with dedicated, efficient work force. Also, its research and development department is second to none in the electronic industry hence we decided to carry out this in-depth analysis to access the various strategies they have being applying since their existence and to advise them on the possible strategic options available to them now and in the future. ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS Industry Analysis Porters Five Forces Analysis (http://www.masslearning.com/) Michael Porter stated that for any business entity there are 5 forces in action, these forces can have a great influence on the current affairs and strategy of the business. These forces consist of the following factors. Buyers power Buyers are the driving force of any industry including the automotive sector. Buyer behaviour is an essential part of marketing strategy and in-depth studies and research have been conducted to try to understand buyer behaviour. Typical question to ask when considering buyer behaviour are, who are our buyers? How do they buy? When do they buy? Where do they buy? Why do they buy? For Samsung electronics the brand strength allows them to make radical changes as they have a large base of loyal customers (due to an long history of building quality electronics), this has been evident with the radical exterior design changes to the Samsung product line up. Thus Samsung can be considered as a trend setter in their respective markets. This is a powerful position as it allows for some control of the direction of the future markets and trends. But strong competition from their rivals ensures that the changes arent too radical as they may lose customers to their opposition. Suppliers power Suppliers are the foundations of any industry they can supply raw materials, labour components and other supplies. Therefore it is important that a business has a good healthy relationship with its suppliers to ensure that it can operate smoothly and efficiently in cohesion with its suppliers. The power of suppliers varies depending on certain factors, for example if the product is standardised then the supplier will be weak, an example of this in the electronics industry would be silicon manufacturers. There are many to choose from and product diversity is relatively low thus suppliers are weak in this market. Suppliers are more powerful when they provide a more specialised product. Samsung has a technologically advanced component with existing patents, so in this case the supplier has more power in the relationship then in the case with silicon. Threat of Substitute products A substitute product is a product in another market which poses a threat because it is potentially a substitute to your product. A substitute (product) can negatively affect the ‘price elasticity of your product since more substitutes become available the demand becomes more elastic as customers have more alternatives a close substitute product constrains the ability of firms in an industry to raise prices. In the electronics industry substitute products will include other similar products from other manufactures. The threat of substitutes in the electronics sector is increasing since the consumer are being motivated by both social responsibility and legislation to find alternative manufacture that meets their criteria to reduce the affect of global warming energy consumption . Legislation in the UK such as high charging for energy bill also promotes substitutes in to electronic industry so it is a growing threat in this sector. Degree of rivalry Perhaps this is one of the most important of Porters 5 forces, since competition is what tends drives innovation changes in the market since firms strive for a competitive advantage. The intensity of rivalry amongst firms varies across markets. In a market that is saturated rivalry can become fierce as firms compete for the same customers, but in a growing market firms dont need to compete as fiercely as there may have their own growing customer base to which they can cater their product. When considering direct rivals to Samsung such as Motorola and Dell they are all long established in the industry so it is likely that they have coexisted by having disciplined competition and also having a ‘code of conduct between themselves. This is evidence of ‘friendly competition within the automotive sector. Barriers to entry This relates to how easy it is to enter the market place, this force has only negative implications on current market competitors since the easier entry into a market is the more competitors there potentially is. But usually there are legal requirements that must be overcome before the market place can be entered for example a product must pass minimum quality and safety standards and licences are usually required for trading. When considering the electronics industrial sector entry into the market is extremely difficult, since a large initial investment is required, and competition is fierce. In the current economic climate entry in this sector will be almost impossible unless an innovative unique selling point is achieved. Currently the easiest entry into the electronics sector is through excellent design reliability, durability and cost effectiveness of electronics being the most obvious. Electronics Industry Life Cycle Stage According the theory of industry life cycle, Samsung Electronics already got the Maturity stage. Because growth is no longer the main focus,market share andcash flow become theprimary goals of the companies left in the space. Samsungs products like TV, audio, video, mobile phones, camera, camcorder, PC, peripherals, Printers, home appliances and memory cards all have good reputation and occupy important place in market. PESTEL Analysis This section serves as a business environmental scan. Here a PESTLE analysis is applied of the external macro environment in which SAMSUNG operates. The pestle analysis is applied to SAMSUNG looking at its market i.e. no specific product. The diagram below highlights the main issues within each factor. All the factors have a high level of influence on our business and our future strategy. Portfolio Analysis SWOT Analysis Porters Generic Competitive Strategy Analysis STRATEGIES CHOICE GE Matrix Analysis Mobile phone industry attractiveness and business strength assessment of Samsung phones Industry attractiveness Business strength assessment Depending on the analysis of the mobile phone market and industry attractive terms, the current score of attractiveness of the mobile phone industry is 3.68 points; the attractiveness of the industry is relatively high. Through the analysis of financial statements of Samsung, Samsungs business strength total score of 3.19 points in the industry belongs to a high level, in the matrix belongs to GE leader-type to business, this score indicates Samsung mobile phones has a good market share in current market. TV industry attractiveness and business strength assessment of Samsung TV Industry attractiveness Business strength assessment From the table, we can see that on the all TV market analysis, financial statements and marketing analysis of Samsung TV and Samsung in the GE matrix effort to business, the TV industry has a strong attractiveness, but Samsung in the TV business strength only belongs to middle level, which need considerable investment of resources, through the efforts of Samsung could be a leader-type business, or it will be difficult to fierce competition in the market to survive. Washing-machine industry attractiveness and business strength assessment of Samsung washing-machine Industry attractiveness Business strength assessment Through the washing-machine industry analysis and a brief Samsung washing-machine business development analysis show that the attractiveness of the washing-machine industry for Samsung is very strong, but Samsung washing-machine for production in terms of business strength is weak and the question mark in the GE matrix operations, the attractiveness of the industry itself is very easy to attract new entrants into the market and existing enterprise competition, but the washing-machine industry because of the competition is fierce, national brands in the market want a share of the domestic and international well-known brands have already endless which want to improve their competitiveness in this industry. Samsung is in a very difficult situation in the washing-machine industry. According to the industry attractiveness and business strength matrix of Samsung mobile phones, TVs, washing-machines, we mapped the GE matrix of Samsung: B: mobile phone, F: TV .H: washing-machine. (http://www.showppt.com/ppt_79.html) The GE matrix is displayed by Samsung, Samsungs mobile phones plays a leader place in the market and it must keep go on. TV business in the maintenance of regional (between effort and regulator), business attraction and business position in the industry do not have the advantage of both the absence of the formation of a unique segment had to compete with many rivals, enterprise by supporting these businesses strive to improve the businesss market share, and strive to develop into a leading-type business. Samsung washing-machine business is a question mark position difficult for enterprises to compete with the market the original members, requiring substantial investment of resources, currently giving up their own production of washing-machine is an inevitable choice. Boston Matrix Analysis Samsung electronics was build up in 1969, it cost 40 years developed from a small company which only 36 people worked in it to a worldwide company. Now there are nearly 20 kinds of products in Samsung which got a good reputation all over the globe. Take Samsung electronics as an example, it got lots of awards in the Industrial Design Excellence Awards in America. It is the company which got the most awards in several consecutive years, which can prove the design ability of Samsung reach the world-class level. It will be analysis with Boston Matrix. The television and mobile phone can be looked as the cash cow product, because the market growth rates are relatively low and the relative market share are so high. (http://www.masslearning.com/) Samsung electronics started the business of liquid crystal display from 1995, when it get to 2005, the total amount of sales volume is more than one hundred million and it is more than 2 hundred million in 2007, 3 hundred million in 2008, in last month, the total sales volume is more than 5 hundred million. The reason of why Samsung electronics can get the outstanding achievement is the extended market of the LED TV panel and the powerful sell of the big size LCD TV. In 2010, Samsung is going to sell 10 million LCD televisions with LED and 22 million all kinds of LCD TVs. In the sales amount aspect, Samsungs market share got to 23.6% all over the globe in the fourth quarter in 2009. The high sells amount and market share of Samsung is because of the high shipments of television market in the world, the integrity layout of the product size and the leader status of the advanced technology. Samsung got the double champion of the shipment and the sales amount on television in continue 13 seasons. So they looked as the cash cow product. The market share and the market growth rate of five TV brand in 2009 (http://finance.baidu.com/2010-02-23/122741032.html) Samsung is the second biggest mobile phone producer in the world. In 2009, it paid more attention on the fashion style which attracted a great deal of young person and the shipments got to 235 million, the market share got to 19.5%. Compared with 2008, it has a big improvement, because the shipment and market share is only 199 million and 16.3% respectively. The successful of Samsung electronics is come from the swift and agility, but lack of innovativeness may lead to the loss of probability. Nowadays Samsung pay more attention on the Smartphone, the Bada system is a good example. Bada system is a platform of the new smart phone which developed by Samsung company, the interface of it is more fashion in colour and style. So it can be looked as the cash cow product because the market growth rate is low but the market share is very high, the characteristic of which is the sale volume is high but the rate of liability is low, it can provide fund for the company and the product do not ne ed improve the invests. So it can be the supporter for recover the funds for the company, support the other product. The market is becoming mature, the company do not need to invest huge capital for enlarge the market and as a leader in the mobile phone area, it bring lots of profit for the whole company. (http://article.pchome.net/scripts/art_content.php?article_id=447146) In 1997, Samsung produce a series of double door fridge named ‘ZIPEL, in these 10 years, it was export to more than 130 countries and the market share got to the peak over about 50 countries. After sell the fridge to America for 7 years, the market share of Samsung became the highest one. In 2007, the French fridge started to sell in America, the market share was only 5.6% at that year, but after one year, it rocket to 16%. In 2009, the total sales of bridge take account of 28.6% and the sales volume take account of 27.2% in America, rank the first place. So the fridge should also be looked as the cash cow products, a company should have several kinds of cash cow products, if there is something wrong with the other dogs products, it balance the funds of the whole company. From 2007, Samsung produce a series of camera, such as blue, WB, PL, ES and ST series. Especially Blue series which was made the advertisement by Dongjian Zhang, leave a good impression for Chinese customer, so attract lots of customers attention. But in the whole area, Canon, Sony and Nikon still the first three brands, Samsung cannot catch up with them. Although it developed harder on the camera area, the market share still cannot as high as the other area. So the camera area can looked as the question marks product in the Boston Matrix analysis. Most products of Samsung electronics have a good reputation and sell very well, but there are some exceptions. Take air c The Man of the Crowd | Literary Analysis The Man of the Crowd | Literary Analysis Such a great misfortune, not to be able to be alone, declares the opening line of Edgar Allan Poes Man of the Crowd. Surrounded by a city full of people, the narrator is indeed not alone in that sense. Alone, though, may be viewed in another light: to be unique, to stand alone against the chaos and homogeneity of the crowd. The relationships the narrator has with and the observations he makes about the people of London give insight regarding the nature of urban relationships generally. Though the narrator does not in reality have any direct communication with the people in this story, he observes and reports on each of them, and these observations substitute for his lacking personal relationships. It is his observations of the city of London itself, of the crowd, and of the old man that reveal Poes distaste for the isolation and loss of individuality that city life fosters. The city is mostly only described at night, and we see almost nothing of the daylight hours. The audience, therefore, is left with a dark and gloomy image of the city. By providing this sole nighttime portrait of the city through the narrator, Poe automatically creates a depressing outlook on city life that pervades the story and provides the backdrop for the entire commentary. To reinforce the depressing outlook, Poe has the narrator enumerate the features of the verge of the city in more detail than any other part of London (220). He states that this place [wears] the worst impress of the most deplorable poverty, and of the most desperate crime (220). The poverty and crime reveals that people do not care about each other, in that no one helps the poorest of the poor and the criminals have no regard for their fellow city dwellers. People are isolated from, and apathetic towards, their fellow city dwellers. To give a further impression of the impoverishment and apathetic nature of the city, he describes the beggars, poor girls returning from their demanding work, and sick people wandering about the streets. From the descriptions of these people it is evident that the city is a cold, uncaring, and unforgiving place: the sick were in search of some chance consolation and the young girls had to return to careless homes (217). The lack of concern for others in the city highlights Poes notions that the urban environment creates isolation amongst its inhabitants. While describing the crowd, the narrator is seated behind a window, separated from the people. Putting him behind the glass isolates him from those whom he is so meticulously observing. One would think that after being sick and inside for months on end, the narrator would want some kind of personal, human relation, yet he is perfectly content to sit alone indoors and ponder the pedestrians from afar. His willingness to be alone further contributes to the sense that people are truly isolated in the city. This isolation is also seen in the pedestrians, who [talk] and [gesticulate] to themselves, as if feeling in solitude on account of the very denseness of the company around (216). Here the narrator explains that because there are so many people around and since no one knows each other, these people feel like they are alone. Poe suggests, through the narrators observations, that while one may be in extreme proximity to others in the city, he is not truly connected with any of them, except in the sense that he may share some general attributes with a large group of others that causes him to be seen as part of the whole. The narrator states that he at first looks at the people in their aggregate relations but then moves into observing the details of which there were innumerable varieties (216). Herein lies a contradiction: he points out there are innumerable varieties, yet he does exactly the opposite by enumerating the types of people that he sees and placing each person into a specific category. The narrator treats each person within each of his classifications as the same as the whole: though he calls them individuals, he immediately places them into a larger group. Poe here is trying to say that while you may think that you are a distinct person in the city, you have already lost your individuality by being part of the crowd. The narrator tells himself that everyone is different, but in pointing out their differences, he makes sweeping generalizations, thus making many people the same as one another. Furthermore, when the narrator classifies and describes the crowd, he does so in a very scientific manner, looking at each of them through their figure, dress, air, gait, visage, and expression of countenance (216). While these traits should make each person different at least in some way from another, they are all treated as exactly the same within each group. The classification of the people in the crowd makes them lose their individuality by generalizing and putting each person into a pre-labeled group. When a person comes along, the man of the crowd, that cannot be classified, the narrator is startled (218): he doesnt know how to think about this man since he cannot put him in a well-defined category. He is so intrigued by this man that he leaves the coffee shop where he has been meticulously scouring the people of the crowd. He purposefully hides among the pedestrians so as not to be seen and, in doing so, loses his individuality and becomes just another undistinguishable face amid a sea of others, suggesting that his quest to classify this man is futile. If the narrator himself is indistinguishable, how is he able to individualize and ascribe specific attributes to someone else? Also, the way in which he describes the passages that the old man takes causes him to become intertwined with the old mans identity: the narrator says that he hurried into the street [] until we emerged (220). He has to do exactly as the old man does in order to stay close and observe him. Again, this mixing of identities emphasizes the loss of individuality in the city that Poe wishes to point out. A person starts to lose his identity when he starts behaving like other people. The narrator eventually abandons his pursuit, saying that this man does not permit [himself] to be read (215). He points out that he can learn nothing else about him. The narrator here seems to just ignore someone that does not fit into he predetermined classifications. This eventual disregard for the peculiarity of the old man again shows that there is no true individuality in the city. If other people like this man cannot be classified, they are probably simply ignored; in effect they do not exist. So, in essence there are no individuals. The tale opens by saying that it is a great misfortune, not to be able to be alone. The narrator in Man of the Crowd is surrounded by a city full of people, unable to be alone, though is truly isolated from them. Through the observations made by this narrator, it is evident that the same isolation applies to every other member of society in London; no one knows anyone else and, in that sense, everyone is isolated. Though, these people are not alone in that none of them are distinguishable from a larger group. Each person is defined as being part of a group within the crowd and as a part of the crowd generally. It is this loss of individuality that gives meaning to the vagueness title The Man in the Crowd.

Hockey vs. Football Essay -- Sports Compare Contrast Hockey Football E

Hockey vs. Football Football and hockey are two sports, which are similar in objective, but very different in their rules and guidelines. In each of these major sports there are rules and guidelines that the players must follow. The topics that will be covered are the weight differences between the players in football and hockey, the use of Creatine Monohydrate, and last the equipment restrictions. This first paragraph will discuss the weight difference between the players in the NFL (football) and the NHL (hockey). Although there is no written rule as to how much a player can weigh in either of the sports, there is the unwritten rule that the players and coaches follow. The average hockey player weighs about 185 pounds. The average weight of a full NHL hockey team consisting of 24 players is about 4,500 lbs. Coaches in the NHL do not want their players too weigh more than 200 though because as Mike Milbury the coach of the New York Islanders put it â€Å" when a player is as big as a football player (approx. 250 lbs.). It is harder for a player to move quickly and elude an upcoming check†. In the NFL, it is the opposite of the NHL. The coaches don’t want their players too weigh less than 200 pounds. The Punter/Kicker is the only position that it doesn’t really matter what the weight of player is. On average the weight of a NFL player is 250 lbs. The averag e team consisting of 48 players weighs about 12,000 lbs. This paragraph talks about a very controversial substanc...

Completion Of Manufacturing Process Engineering Essay

Crunching is used for remotion of metal at completing procedure after completion of fabrication procedure. This is much faster than any other border tools which are used for border remotion. And besides crunching has greater velocity, truth and surface coating ( www.brighthub.com ) .Crunching Procedure:In this grinding procedure we will utilize a grinding wheel to taking stuff by cutting action of the infinite difficult and crisp scratchy atoms. It is really of import that we choose the correct crunching wheel for the exact type of cutting required. This crunching wheel consists of several scratchy atoms which act as minute film editing borders, and these atoms are bonded with the aid of adhering stuff. Crunching uses a method of stuff remotion called scratch ; it is must harder than the stuff being about. Besides the scratchy demands to be able to defy high temperatures caused by the clash during the grinding. Sometimes, these high temperatures will do harm to the bonding agents fou nd in the wheel doing the wheel to interrupt down. A ( www.surface-grinder.net, www.brighthub.com,2010 )Crunching types:Cylindrical bomber Surface bomber Tool and cutter bomber Belt bomber Bench bomber Jig bomber Gear bomberSurface grinding:Surface grinding is a fabrication procedure which moves or crunching wheel relative a surface in plane while a crunching wheel contacts the surface and removes a minute sum of stuff such that a level surface is created. In Surface grinding there are some methods include horizontal-spindle, vertical-spindle, perpendicular spindle rotary grinding, horizontal-spindle individual disc and perpendicular swivel caput grinding. For the surface crunching we need these parts for: To sharpening of cutting tool Produce a level surface Required a smooth surface raggedness Accurate tolerance thickness ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spindlesworld.com/grinding-process.html,2010 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.engineersedge.com/manufacturing/images/grind1.gif Horizontal – spindle reciprocating table surface grinding ( www.engineersedge.com ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.engineersedge.com/manufacturing/images/grind4.gif Vertical – spindle reciprocating table surface grinding ( www.engineersedge.com )Centreless Grinding:In this centred crunching the grinding is performed at the Centre. This is besides called cylindrical grinding. These centred grindings are two types ; those are outside Diameter ( OD ) grinding and indoors diameter ( ID ) crunching. In Outside Diameter crunching the work piece has centre drilled terminals, suiting Centre points and surface is removed by revolving the bomber ‘s face home base with traveling the crunching wheel or revolving in clockwise waies. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spindlesworld.com/grinding-process.html ) hypertext transfer protocol: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Centerless_grinding_schematic.svg/220px-Centerless_grinding_schematic.svg.png A schematic of the Centre less grinding procedure ( en.wikipedia.org )Tool and Cutter bomber:To sharpen milling cutters and tool spots this tool and cutter tool is used, along with a host of other film editing tools. hypertext transfer protocol: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ToolandCutterGrinder-table-head.jpg/220px-ToolandCutterGrinder-table-head.jpg Vie of a typical setuponaT & A ; Cgrinder ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_and_cutter_grinder ) .Crunching wheel:AA crunching wheelA is an expendable wheel that is composed of anA abrasiveA compound used for assorted grindingA andA scratchy machining operations. They are used inA crunching machines. Wheel removes much smaller french friess of metal. The sedimentation of such bantam french friess, called swarf, occurs because theA grindingA wheel is composed of 1000s of cutting borders. TwoA typesA of scratchy stuff are used in theA grindingA wheel ; Aluminium oxide and Silicon oxide.A AluminiumA oxide is used when machining stuffs with a high ductileness, or ability to deform for good. Silicon oxide is used for stuffs with a low ductileness. The scratchy grains in aA grindingA wheel allow for a smooth finished merchandise, irrespective of the stuff being worked on. These scratchy atoms are normally coated with a diamond dressing. TheA surfaceA bomber is normally used as a finishing operation. ( http: //www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-surface-grinder.htm,2010 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Slijpsteen.jpg/220px-Slijpsteen.jpg Crunching wheel ( en.wikipedia.org ) There are five features of a cutting wheel: stuff, grain size, wheel class, grain spacing and bond type.Material:They will be Material, the existent abradant, is selected harmonizing to the hardness of the stuff being cut. Aluminium Oxide ( A ) Silicon Carbide ( C ) Diamond ( D, MD, SD ) Cubic Boron Nitride ( B )Wheel bond:Wheel holds the abradants, affects finish, coolant, and minimum/maximum wheel velocity. Vitrified ( V ) Resinoid ( R ) Silicate ( S ) Shellac ( E ) Rubber ( R ) Oxychloride ( O ) Wheel types: Straight wheel Cylinder ( or ) Wheel pealing Tapered wheel Straight cup Dish Cup Saucer wheel Diamond wheel Diamond spindles Cut off wheelsDiamond wheel:Crunching is the most popular method used to machine difficult stuffs utilizing diamond grinding wheels. The status of the grits on the fringe of a grinding wheel has a major cheek on the harm induced in a land specimen. Therefore truing and dressing must be carried out often ( Amin et al, 2000 ) .Dressing:The wheel must be dressed each clip it is placed on the machine, even though it may non hold been removed from the wheel Centre. Mount the wheel chest of drawers on the bomber tabular array. Bring the revolving grinding wheel up near to the diamond and get down the coolant flow. Never frock without coolant. Frictional heat build-up can do the diamond to come loose or separate from its saddle horse. Lack of lubricating belongingss, along with chilling, needlessly abrades the diamond.Face DressingWe need to convey the diamond contact with the Centre of the wheel, fed in a upper limit of.002 † , and so traversed each way off the border of the wheel. L earning the best crossbeam rate for dressing the wheel is a affair of test and mistake for each operator. We have to be fast adequate to forestall glazing, but slow plenty to minimise coiling lead Markss. Dressing from the Centre of the wheel out to each border helps minimise the consequence of the coiling lead Markss on the coating of the work piece. Do non take over.002 † per base on balls. Excessive in-feed will do the wheel to move like it ‘s loaded. This consequences from wheel stuff being â€Å" pasted † into new exposed wheel porousness. The type of frock applied to the crunching wheel may be changed to accommodate different crunching demands. A rapid crossbeam will take big sums of stuff rapidly. A slower crossbeam will bring forth a more desirable coating, but do n't take stuff as quickly. Face Dressing a Crankshaft Grinding WheelFace Dressing ( www.goodson.com )Side DressingWhenever the sides of a grinding wheel are found to run out, they should be dressed. With the chest of drawers mounted to a tabular array, conveying the diamond into contact with the crunching wheel near its forepart corner, feed in a upper limit of.002 † . The wheel is so fed in and out until the necessary sum has been dressed from each side of the wheel. Side Dressing a Crankshaft Grinding WheelSide Dressing ( www.goodson.com )Radius DressingPosition the diamond in the holder confronting out the forepart. Skid the holder back, place and lock the radius adjustor at the coveted dimension. Then skid the diamond holder frontward until the diamond contacts the radius accommodation halt. Tighten the diamond holder, unlock and abjure the accommodation halt. Feed the wheel into place to the full frontward. Using all right provender, conveying the diamond into contact with the front face of the wheel and dress the full breadth. Then back the wheel off from the diamond.004 † , loosen the swivel lock and take one of the halt pins so the upper swivel can be rotated 90A ° of travel. While swiveling the diamond through its 90A ° discharge, conveying the wheel into contact and frock of the needed sum from one corner. Repeat this procedure for the opposite corner by replacing the first halt pin and taking the 2nd pin to supply 90A ° rota ry motion in the opposite way. Be certain to maintain your diamond chest of drawers tools crisp. Revolve the diamond 30 to 45A ° after each dressing operation. Radius Dressing a Crankshaft Grinding WheelRadius Dressing ( www.goodson.com )( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.goodson.com/technical_support/tech_library/dressig_crankshaft_wheels.php,2010 ) Coolant: Coolants play an of import function in machining. One of the chief maps of coolants is to lubricate. This is achieved by decrease of the clash that develops in the contact zones between tool and work piece every bit good as between tool and bit. Heat dissipation, i.e. chilling of the work piece, and rinsing french friess off from the contact zone are farther of import maps of the coolant. The combined lubrication and chilling consequence reduces tool wear and enhances surface quality and dimensional truth of the work piece ( Brinksmeier et al, 1999 ) .Oil-based coolants:High force per unit areas and temperatures during machining procedures are necessary to make separation movies between the solid surfaces of the tool and work piece. The undermentioned BASIC oils are common: Mineral oil: natural C-H bonds must be free of harmful aromatic compounds by refinement. Hydrocrack oils: Partially man-made, low content of aromatic compounds, improved mineral oil Polyalphaolefines: Fully man-made oil with bifurcate hydrocarbons, thermally stable Man-made ester: Fully man-made oil of fatty ester acids, thermally stable, biologically analyzable, functional as basic oil and as linear.Water-based coolants:For high chilling efficiency and rinsing off capablenesss, water-based emulsions or solutions are employed. Water-based solutions consist of inorganic and/or organic substances and H2O and really rarely contain mineral oils. The H2O and oil stages must be separated before disposal. High chemical stableness and transparence are farther advantages in high chilling efficiency and rinsing off capableness. Water-based emulsion dressed ores contain 20-70 % basic oil. For metal crunching operations, oil-in-water emulsions are common ; the sum of oil determines the lubrication ability of the emulsion. Water based coolants contain up to 20 constituents in which ; each of the constituents can themselves be multi component mixtures. In grinding, the bit is formed, as stuff is deformed by the grit or grain film editing border and displaced sideways or frontward harmonizing to the orientation of the film editing border. Common oil concentrations in emulsions for crunching operations are between 2 and 15 % . Their chief disadvantage is susceptibility to leakage oils and micro beings doing high care costs ineluctable. ( Brinksmeier,1991 ) . Boundary lubrication is the manner of lubrication which depends on the lubricator movie bed physically adsorbed to the contact or the chemical bed formed on the contact. Boundary lubrication is two types, physical adsorbed layer boundary lubrication and chemical boundary bed lubrication. Beg linger and Gee de [ 1935 ] and Tabor [ 1981 ] by experimentation showed that practically in an elastohydrodynamic contact the lubrication and contact governments are rather assorted due to the contact surface raggedness and the local terrible EHL movie thinning even when the planetary EHL movie thickness is comparatively high. They showed that in a practical EHL contact both the physical adsorbed bed boundary lubrication and the chemical boundary bed lubrication frequently severally locally occur in different countries of the contact and these two lubrications both play of import functions in the public presentation of an EHL contact. These two lubrications really determine the failure of an EHL contact. Zhang [ 2005 ] theoretically showed that even in an ideally smooth EHL contact in isothermal pure turn overing status physical adsorbed layer boundary lubrication occurs in portion of the Hertz a contact zone when the turn overing velocity is lower than a critical value or the bu rden is higher than a critical value Lubrication jobs in infinite include: aˆ? Very low ambient force per unit area ; aˆ? Presence of atomic species other than the usually encountered molecular species ; aˆ? Radiation environment ; aˆ? Absence of a gravitative field. The low-pressure environment contributes to rapid Vaporization of the liquid or semi-solid lubricating oil lubricators usually employed. Since lubrication normally takes topographic point by agencies of a movie entrained between skiding or turn overing surfaces, the loss of this movie due to vaporization and mechanical working can ensue in failure of the mechanism. The lubrication map is, with many metals, strongly influenced by the presence or absence of oxide movies on these metals. The surface oxides often act as protective movies and, in some instances, contribute to the concluding surface movies through either chemical reaction or chemosorption ‘s ( Zaretsky1990 ) . The film editing fluids are chiefly used in metal remotion processes due to their consequence on conveying generated heat in the contact zone, decrease of clash in the tool-work piece contact zone and bit transit from the cutting country. On the other manus cutting fluids have serious disadvantages, such as wellness jeopardies and the explosiveness of oil vapor, environmental pollution, wear of the elements of the machine tool and increasing fabrication cost. In order to diminish the negative environmental impact of the film editing fluids and cut downing fabrication costs, new machining techniques such as dry machining are used ( Klocke at el 1997 ) .MQL:During crunching, many scratchy grits are in contact with the work piece at each 2nd, but merely a little part of these grits have the cutting function in the existent procedure and the others do non execute existent film editing, but alternatively bring forth heat by rubbing and plowing the work piece surface in the contact zone. H igh heat coevals and temperature in the contact zone are associated with a high negative profligate angle and a great contact length in crunching procedure. Crunching operation, without utilizing sufficient coolant-lubricant, leads to thermal amendss and dimensional inaccuracy on the work piece surface. Hence methods of dry crunching have non yet been to the full successful in industrial applications. An attractive option for the dry grinding procedure is the minimal measure lubrication ( MQL ) grinding. This procedure uses a minimal measure of lubrication and is referred to as close dry grinding. In MQL grinding, an air-oil mixture called an aerosol is fed onto the machining zone. Tawakoli et al 2010investigated the effects of the work piece material hardness and crunching parametric quantities on the MQL grinding procedure. Based on the consequences of their probes, important betterment can be achieved by MQL grinding of hardened steel in comparing to dry crunching procedure. One attractive option for dry and unstable grinding procedures is MQL crunching. This procedure uses a minimal measure of lubrication and is referred to as close dry grinding. In this procedure aerosols are oil droplets dispersed in a jet of air, oil droplets carried by the air fly straight to the tool working zone, supplying the needed chilling and lubricating actions. Tawakoli et al 2010 investigated the effects of the work piece material hardness and crunching parametric quantities on the MQL grinding procedure. Based on the consequences of their probes, important betterment can be achieved by MQL grinding of hardened steel in comparing to dry crunching procedure. In MQL film editing, a little sum of biodegradable oil, which is assorted with tight air to organize oil mist, is applied to the cutting point alternatively of the inundation supply of H2O mixable or water-immiscible film editing fluids. Many successful consequences have been reported on tool wear decrease in terminal milling, boring, and turning. MQL cutting can cut down non merely the cost associated with the disposal of waste oils but besides the energy ingestion related to the cutting unstable supply systems, while it may demo some troubles in chilling tool and work, transporting french friess off from cutting points, etc. Unlike wet film editing, in which the film editing point and its environing countries are certainly cooled, MQL is non ever effectual to any type of cutting. MQL does non work so good in cutting difficult-to-machine stuffs with high strengths, low thermic conductions, and high affinities with tool. Some researches applied MQL on heavy cutting with big deepnesss of cut and provender rates, and high-velocity film editing with high rates of heat coevals. Therefore, high-velocity MQL rifling was carried out utilizing a coated, cemented carbide tool to clear up the consequence of MQL on cutting public presentation in high-velocity film editing. [ Toshiyuki Obikawa et Al, 2006 ] . Crunching kineticss: Chatter is a violent quiver of the tool, negatively affects machining of metals. The most of import belongings of yak is that it is a self-excited quiver, which is closely related to the dynamic behavior of the film editing forces and the machinery construction. This is an unwanted status because it adversely affects the surface finish quality, machining truth, tool life and spindle bearing life. Chatter is responsible for cut downing production end product, because if no solution can be found, metal remotion rates have to be lowered until vibration-free public presentation is obtained. And besides yak is so inconsistent in character that the inclination of a machine to exhibit yak is frequently non realized during the development phase ( Taskesen and Ercan 2003 ) . The grinding machine spindle is one such system where quiver causes major jobs in the grinding procedure as the crunching wheel deepness of cut is so little that even the slightest amplitude of quiver can hold dramatically detrimental effects on surface coating, wheel wear, and form-holding. Crunching machine quiver are two types, forced quiver and self-excited ( yak ) quiver. Forced quivers are caused by periodic perturbation external to the grinding procedure ; Chatter is so inconsistent in character that the inclination of a machine to exhibit yak is frequently non realized during the development phase ( Taskesen and Ercan 2003, Malkin1984 ) . The grinding machine spindle is one such system where quiver causes major jobs in the grinding procedure as the crunching wheel deepness of cut is so little that even the slightest amplitude of quiver can hold dramatically detrimental effects on surface coating, wheel wear, and form-holding. Crunching machine quivers are normally classified into two types: Forced quiver and Self-excited quiver. Forced quivers are caused by periodic perturbation external to the grinding procedure. Self-excited quivers are by and large associated with natural quiver manners of the machine-tool construction. A numerical algorithm based on five grades of freedom theoretical account was presented to imitate the dynamic response of the spindle of a grinding machine ( Alfares and Elsharkawy, 2000 ) . Crunching energy: The ‘grit size consequence ‘ for specific energy in crunching of Si nitride by is wickedness bonded diamond wheel. An addition in specific crunching energy at smaller deepnesss of cut was related to an addition in specific ploughing energy at larger semi-included angles. By comparing the dimensionless specific crunching energy to the modified dimensionless specific ploughing energy, a general grit cross-sectional cutting profile was obtained holding a rounded tip at its terminal. The deliberate grit profile was characterized in footings of an mean tip radius and asymptotic semi-included angle ( Hwang et al1999 ) . Specific energy by and large includes energies consumed in bit formation, ploughing, sliding, and elastic distortion of work piece. Specific energy in grinding is approximately an order of magnitude higher than in turning or milling. The higher specific energy in crunching is chiefly due to more specific surfaces produced in french friess, every bit good as more material distortions ( both plastic and elastic ) . On the other manus, under the same grinding conditions, specific energy besides depends on the belongingss of the work piece stuff, particularly physical-mechanical belongingss. Specific energy in crunching can be mathematically modelled and used to foretell crunching procedures ( Tonshoff, 1992 and Malkin et Al, 1996 ) . The theoretical account anticipation is good verified by the grinding experiment and is proven to be feasible. _the grain size of the WC samples has an obvious consequence on specific energy in grinding and surface topography of the land WC samples. _ Under a given grinding status, the WC samples with a smaller norm grain size consequence in lower specific energy, and frailty versa. _ Plastic distortion occurs during crunching of the WC samples. It is chiefly due to the soft Co stage which is found to be †squeezed out † due to abrasive-work piece interactions. The †squeezing out † causes the Co stage to smear over the land work piece surface, Forming ridges and/or pile-ups along the grinding abrasions ( Ren et al,2009 ) . Crunching force: Durgumahanti et Al. in 2010 developed a crunching force theoretical account by integrating the effects of variable coefficient of clash and plowing force.This crunching procedure consists of three phases: plowing, cutting and rubbing. These constituents were used in the footings of the experimental coefficients and procedure parametric quantities like wheel velocity, table provender and deepness of cuts. By executing crunching trials at specified conditions, they determined the practical coefficient. The fluctuation of the clash coefficient with procedure parametric quantities such as wheel velocity and work provender has been taken into consideration while ciphering the frictional force constituents. The plowing force constituents were modelled by executing single-grit trials. The entire grinding force theoretical account is developed by integrating the combined effects of variable coefficient of clash and the plowing force. This theoretical account clearly explains the importance o f the plowing force, which becomes more prevailing at really low deepness of cuts. The coefficient of clash in the present theoretical account varies with procedure parametric quantities like wheel velocity and table provender, unlike the old theoretical accounts, where it is a changeless value throughout the procedure. Earlier strategies of executing of these trials were either by utilizing by utilizing an aluminum phonograph record that was mounted on to a grinding machine. It can be observed that the present strategy of put to deathing the single-grit trials can take attention of these restrictions. Hence, the new crunching force theoretical account can be faithfully used to foretell the grinding forces and supply a certain theoretical footing for research on crunching force. A new surface crunching force theoretical account is proposed. The influences of crunching treating parametric quantities to dynamic mechanics belongings of metal stuff film editing and clash coefficient between work piece and crunching wheel have been taken into history. The consequences of simulation and computation are co-occuring good with the experimental measuring. This proves the rightness and effectivity of proposed crunching force theoretical account. To definite crunching wheel and element stuff, merely four groups of experiments are needed for work outing a set of additive equations and can obtain the precise computation expression of crunching force under the same grinding wheel and element stuff conditions. Compared with the traditional theoretical account, this crunching force theoretical account avoids a big figure of experiments and saves the cost every bit good ( Tanga, 2009 ) . Vibration devices: This magneto-strain is quadratic and occurs ever in the same way whatever is the field way. In the applications of majority stuffs these enlargement strains are seldom used straight because a additive behavior is preferred. By using a mechanical pre-stress and a magnetic prejudice in the active stuff the one-dimensionality is obtained. Quasistatic actuators are utilizing GMA in these conditions for placement, quiver control, stepping motors and fluid control applications. Giant Magnetostrictive Materials ( GMMs ) are in competition with piezo ceramics, particularly MLAs but found their topographic point in specific applications such as low electromotive force actuators, big force actuators, high power low frequence transducers and infinite cryogenic placement. In other instances, MLA piezoceramic actuators are frequently more interesting because of their low power ingestion and high end product energy per mass unit ( Claeyssen et al 2002 ) . For the accurate dynamic modeling of a merely supported beam under a traveling mass, LIN 1997 claimed that the chosen of a traveling mass should be accounted for carefully in the dynamic preparation since the mass is traveling along a vibrating way. Abdel-Rohman and Leipholz 1980 presented the active control of a merely supported beam under a traveling mass by utilizing flexing minute in footings of tenseness and compaction forces with a individual actuator. Kwon et Al. 1988 presented an attack to cut down the warp of a beam under a traveling burden by agencies of seting the parametric quantities of a conceptually 2nd order damped theoretical account attached to a flexible construction. Devasia et Al. 1993 presented the attacks to find the length and arrangement of piezoactuators in footings of the optimisation of muffling elite under collocated muffling control, additive quadratic cost functional in the initial status with the premise of detectability and stabilizability, and minima l characteristic root of a square matrix of controllability grammian. SUNG 2001 presented based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory by including the dynamic chosen of a traveling mass going along a deflecting way. Second, a multi-input-multi-output warp accountant is presented to actively cut down the structural warp under a traveling mass by utilizing piezoactuators. Last, a comparing between uncontrolled and controlled instances can be found in the numerical simulation. Using piezoactuators bonded to the beam, the accountant with full province feedback was designed to cut down the structural warp. In order to find the optimum arrangements of piezoactuators, the LQR-based preparation was employed. The micro pump consists of three actuated membranes and is capable of bidirectional operation. In those three membranes two active valves and one pump actuator. This characteristic is really utile in our application since it allows both pressurizing and depressurising the unreal sphincter. As below Fig. shows, a Li polymer battery supplies the energy to the system. A miniaturized electronic power accountant generates the high electromotive force necessary to drive the actuators of the micro pump. A reservoir is used to keep a sufficient sum of fluid to be pumped into a polymer-based turnup that represents the existent unreal sphincter prosthetic device. A force per unit area detector is besides included to supervise the force per unit area inside the turnup. All informations gathered and all operational bids can be sent via a telemetric unit to/from an external remote control unit. Fig. GASS system description Using charge recovery has resulted in up to 50 % decrease in electrical power ingestion while maintaining mechanical end product power well unchanged. The efficiency is hence improved. One drawback of this technique is the demand for physically large inductances in order to make the negative electromotive force required. Advanced drivers that are capable to retrieve portion of the charge stored in the actuators by agencies of high frequence exchanging convertors are being investigated by our group. This solution would work with much smaller inductances but, on the other manus, it would increase the complexness of the drive circuit ( Giovanni Biancuzzia 2009 ) . Piezoelectric stack actuators are employed in the theoretical account to accomplish quiver control of flexible constructions, and dynamic features are besides investigated. Mobility technique is used to deduce the regulating equations of the system. The power flow transmitted into the foundation is solved and considered as a cost map to accomplish optimum control of quiver isolation. Some numerical simulations revealed that the analytical theoretical account is effectual as piezoelectric stack actuators can accomplish significant quiver fading by choosing proper value of the input electromotive force. In active systems, the actuators are the cardinal parts. Piezoelectric stuffs can be easy bonded on or imbedded into conventional constructions, are lightweight and have comparatively high triping force and comparatively low power ingestion features, and so, are used most widely to command quiver and noise ( Crawley and Deluis 1987 ; Dimitriadis1991 ; Han et al. , 1997 ; Niuet al. , 200 4 ) . Active quiver control of a revolving flexible construction whose application includes a infinite roar, a chopper blade and a air current turbine is considered. In the rotating constructions, the fluctuation of quiver features due to the stiffening consequence of the centrifugal forces and the resonance job due to one of perturbation frequences of multiples of revolving velocity demand to be carefully considered for active quiver control. Schilhansil and Providence 1958 investigated the stiffening consequence of the centrifugal forces on the first manner flexing frequence of a revolving cantilever beam. A glass/epoxy composite beam is prepared and the piezoceramic actuator is patched at the root of the revolving hub. The fluctuations of the natural frequences are by experimentation investigated with regard to the revolving velocity. The critical perturbation frequence is determined by detecting the radius diagram, and the changeless amplitude accountant ( CAC ) is by experimentation r ealized. Vibration control responses subjected to two different perturbations ( rotational velocities ) are evaluated and presented in clip sphere. It has been demonstrated that the quiver of the beam caused by revolving the beam at resonance and non-resonance velocities can be well suppressed by using control electromotive force to the piezoactuator ( Choia and Hanb, 2004 ) . Shaker: The transducers convert the force transmitted to the construction and the response of the construction to electric signals which, one time filtered through signal conditioning equipment, are digitised and used to develop estimations of FRF in a spectrum or frequence analyser. Shaker-structure interaction is ever a concern in FRF measuring because it introduces the job of â€Å" force drop-out † at structural resonances. To the multi-shaker sine dwell trial, the stage difference of the input signals applied to the Shakerss, it is controlled in order to keep an perpendicularity belongings of shaker-applied forces. The features of some current FRF calculators are presented and it is shown that the instrumental FRF calculator, 3H ( Ta ) , is a noise-free calculator although still apt to bias mistakes. The escape job on auto- and cross-spectra emerges during the processing of finite record information and, as a consequence, it is hard to stipulate which FRF calculator will bring fo rth the ‘best ‘ estimation of a FRF ( To AND EWINS,1990 ) . The electro-dynamic shaker maps to present a force proportional to the current applied to its voice spiral. These devices are used in such diverse activities as merchandise rating, emphasis showing, squeak-and-rattle testing and average analysis. A surprising sum of information may be extracted from a shaker by utilizing it as a quiver detector, instead than as an exciter. In such an experiment, the electromotive force end product of the voice spiral is monitored while the shaker is caused to vibrate due to transient mechanical input. There are many types of machines designed to intentionally vibrate constructions. They are demoing little, lasting magnet, electrodynamics Shakerss. For this operation we need three stairss. Firstly, some inventiveness is required to bring forth the radial magnetic field moving in a plane normal to the spiral ‘s axis. Second, the spiral must be allowed to travel axially but be restrained from all other gestures. Third, the force provided by the ma chine is relative to the magnetic flux passing through the spiral, to the current flowing through the spiral and to the figure of coil-turns within the flux ( Lang, 1997 ) . We can better the control public presentation by adding an adaptative filter to the 2dof accountant utilizing m-synthesis in the feedback accountant. The uncertainness of the controlled works is taken into history and the adaptative filter based on the H1 filtering job is employed. A robust accountant utilizing an adaptative filter based on the H1 filtering job was used for an electrodynamics shaker control, and excitement experiments were performed to measure the control public presentation. It was assumed that the conventional open-loop method utilizing iterative compensation by insistent excitements could non be employed, and the proposed accountant was consequently designed for this status. Amore robust accountant was developed by adding the adaptative filter from the EBAF method to the 2dof accountant utilizing m-synthesis. ( Uchiyama at el 2009 ) . The construction of an electrodynamics shaker bears some resemblance to a common speaker unit but is more robust. At the bosom of the shaker is a spiral of wire, suspended in a fixed radial magnetic field. When a current is passed through this spiral, an axial force is produced in proportion to the current. The public presentation envelope of an electrodynamics shaker system is strongly influenced by three manners of quiver and the voltage/current capacities of the power amplifier that drives it. Other confining factors are the intentional shot of the traveling mass and the entire mass of the shaker, the thermic power bound of the spiral and the emphasis safety factor of the armature. Power analysis discloses the electrodynamics shaker to be a thermodynamically inefficient machine. As machine warhead is increased, efficiency lessenings while line power factor improves. The research lab thermic burden is about independent of trial point weight. Power analysis discloses that an stray s ystem can be designed to better mechanical bringing in the low frequence part. ( George Fox Lang and Dave Snyder 2001 ) . The controlled shaker has proven really cost effectual for more everyday merchandise making and seismal rating work. Modern DSP shaker accountants now do an outstanding occupation of reproducing coveted transient pulsations safely, faithfully and repetition competently. However, a shaker presents some physical barriers to floor proving. These devices have a limited scope of supplanting shot and exhibit speed bounds that can non be exceeded without loss of control. ( George Fox Lang 2003 ) . To the magnitude ordinance control, the amplitude of the sinusoidal acceleration is accurately controlled to be equal to the puting value. For a switching inverter-fed electrodynamics shaker system, in add-on to holding low deformation driven power, the decrease of unsought harmonic quiver caused by harmonic current and the imperfect shaker tabular array construction is besides really of import. Accurate acceleration control of an electrodynamics shaker fed by an inverter is really hard to accomplish, owing to tinstone-sinusoidal armature excitement power beginning ( Thin-Huo Chen at el 1999 ) . Terfenol -D: To cipher the opposite of a theoretical account for the hysteretic stuff Terfenol-D we used magnetostriction theoretical account, as portion of a full control constellation for Terfenol-D actuators. This opposite is based on a magnetostriction theoretical account that has been shown to qualify the behaviour of Terfenol-D good. Initially unbounded, roll uping mistakes in the opposite are analyzed and a method to jump the mistake for periodic input. The bimodal magnetostriction opposite is able to invert the strain behaviour of Terfenol-D to within a low, bounded mistake. The Terfenol-D theoretical account and opposite are for quasi-static applications and do non pattern temperature dependent behavior ( Ann Reimers and Edward Della Torre, 2000 ) . Calculation of the work done in the latter instance indicates an internal emphasis degree in the Terfenot-D of about 6.4 MPa. For AC operation sinusoidal extremum to top out currents of 28 As generate a Nett force of about 9 kN, over and above any applied prestress, which decreases by 10 % at frequences up to 400 Hz. Higher frequence constituents merely appear at really, high thrust degrees.Properties:Optimization of the Terfenol-D end product, commensurate with its eventual application and accomplish the greatest supplantings or forces. Minimization of the thrust current demands and thereby cut down losingss due to heating in the field spirals. Realization of the full end product power on the scope DC to 300 Hz. Production of motions of ~0.5 millimeter. Coevals of forces -10 kN. The design and operation of the appropriate power amplifiers. It is proposed that with farther development the actuator will run in concurrence with a hydraulic system and closed cringle control implemented to accomplish pre-selected actuator end product from the combined hydraulic and magnetostrictive forces ( Aston at el 1997 ) . Applications utilizing the elephantine magnetostrictive stuff TERFENOL-D are traveling into volume production as more design and application applied scientists realize the potency of the stuff. The execution of these procedures has increased the scope of available sizes and forms of TERFENOL-D, improved the magnetostrictive public presentation of larger diameter stuff ( & gt ; 25 random-access memory ) and increased the repeatability of magnetostrictive public presentation in the finished transducer elements. Giant magnetostrictive engineering continues to progress, with important work go oning in the transportation of the engineering from the research lab and into the commercial universe. New treating methods are demoing promise for the production of high volume, cost effectual transducer elements, by both directional hardening or pulverization metallurgy attacks. Work remains in the countries of procedure polish to accomplish tighter control of public presentation fluctuations and in stuffs word picture for the now available big diameter drivers ( Jonathan at el 1997 ) . TERFENOL-D is a close individual crystal metal metal, which converts electrical power to mechanical power, and frailty versa. TERFENOL-D is â€Å" magnetostrictive, † intending it changes form in a magnetic field. TERFENOL-D has a greater form alteration, or strain, than other common transducer stuffs, such as piezoceramics ornickel alloys. This means acousticdevices driven by TERFENOL-Dhave greater power, and actuators have more displacement and moreforce. Like other magnetostrictivealloys, TERFENOL-D does notchange with clip or figure of rhythms.What is Magnetostriction?Magnetostriction is the belongings that causes certain ferromagnetic stuffs to alter form in a magnetic field. TERFENOL-D is said to bring forth â€Å" elephantine † magnetostriction, strain greater than any other commercially available smart stuff. Magnetic spheres in the crystal rotate when a magnetic field is applied, supplying relative, positive and quotable enlargement in Microseconds.TERFENOL-D Property:aˆ? High strain aˆ? High force aˆ? Wide bandwidth aˆ? High reliability/unlimited rhythm life aˆ? Wide temperature scope aˆ? Microsecond response clip Mentions: 5. Amin A. Mokbela, ,T.M.A. Maksoudb, 2000, Monitoring of the status of diamond crunching wheels utilizing acoustic emanation technique, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 101,292-297, a Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sana'a University, San'a, Yemen b School of Design and Advanced Technology, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, CF 371DL, Wales, UK, Elsevier Science S.A. 6. Brinksmeier E. ( I ) , Heinzel.C, Wittmann.M ( 1999 ) , Friction, Cooling and Lubrication in Grinding, Bremen University, Division of Production Technology and IWT Bremen, Department of Manufacturing Technologies, Bremen, Germany, Keynote Papers. 7. Brinksmeier, E. , 1991, ProzeB- und Werkstuckqualitlt in der Feinbearbeitung, Habilitationsschriff Universitat Hannover. VDI-Verlag, Reihe 2, Nr. 234. 8. Begelinger. A, A.W.J. 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U.S, VijayenderSingh, VenkateswaraRao.P, ( 2010 ) , â€Å" A New ModelforGrindingForcePredictionandAnalysisInternationalJournalofMachineTools & A ; Manufacture5231_240, DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering, IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi, NewDelhi110016, India, ElsevierLtd. JinyuanTanga, Jin Dua, Yongping Chena ( 2009 ) , Modeling and experimental survey of crunching forces in surface grinding, diary of stuffs treating engineering 2 0 9 2847-2854 Key Laboratory of Modern Complex Equipment Design and Extreme Manufacturing ( Central South University ) , Ministry of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China. Elsevier B.V. F. Claeyssen, N. Lhermet, T. Maillard,2002, † MAGNETOSTRICTIVE ACTUATORS COMPARED TO PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATORS † , Cedrat Technologies S.A. – 10 chemin de PreCarre , ZIRST – 38240 Meylan -France. Y.-H. LIN 1997 Journal of Sound and quiver 199, 697-700. Remarks on Vibration analysis of beams traversed by unvarying partly distributed traveling multitudes. M. ABDEL-ROHMAN and H. H. E. LEIPHOLZ 1980 Automatic Active Control of Structures. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co. & A ; Sm Publications. H.-C. KWON, M.-C. KIM and I.-W. LEE 1998 Vibration control of Bridgess under traveling tonss. Computers and Structures 66, 473-480. S. DEVASIA, T.MERESSI, B. PADEN and E. BAYO 1993 Piezoelectric actuator dsign for quiver suppression: arrangement and size. Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics 16, 859-864. Y.-G. SUNG, 2001, MODELLING AND CONTROL WITH PIEZOACTUATORS FOR A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM UNDER A MOVING MASS, Journal of Sound and quiver 250 ( 4 ) , 617-626, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun ; niversity, 375 Seosuk-dong, Dong-gu, Kwanju, Elsevier Science Ltd. Giovanni Biancuzzia* , Thomas Lemkea, Peter Woiasa, Olaf Ruthmannb, Hans J. Schragb, Bernhard Vodermayerc, Thomas Schmidc, Frank Goldschmidtboeinga 2009, † Performance of piezoelectric micro pumps actuated by charge recovery, Procedia Chemistry 1 698-701, aDepartment of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Freiburg imBreisgau, Germany bDepartment of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg imBreisgau, Germany cInstitute for Robotics and Mechatronics, German Aerospace Center, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany NIU Jun-chuan, ZHAO Guo-qun, HU Xia-xia ( 2005 ) , Active control of structural quiver by piezoelectric stack actuators, Niu 974 et Al. J Zhejiang Univ SCI 6A ( 9 ) :974-979, 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China ) ( 2School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China ) ( 3Collegeof Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China ) , supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China. S.-B. Choia and M.S. Hanb ( 2004 ) Vibration control of a rotating cantilevered beam utilizing piezoactuators: experimental work, Journal of Sound and Vibration 277 436-442, a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Smart Structures and Systems Laboratory, Inha University,253 Yong Hyun-Dong, Nam-Gu, Incheon 402-751, South Korea Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engneering, Keimyung University, Deagu 704-701, South Korea, Elsevier Ltd. W. M. To AND D. J. EWINS, 1990, A CLOSED-LOOP MODEL FOR SINGLE/MULTI-SHAKER MODAL TESTINGMechanical Systems and Signal Processing ( 1991 ) 5 ( 4 ) , 305-316, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, U.K.Academic Press Limited. George Fox Lang, Data Physics Corporation, San Jose, California ( 1997 ) , Electrodynamic Shaker Fundamentals, SOUND AND VIBRATION Y.Uchiyama, M.Mukai and M.Fujita, 2009, Robust control of electrodynamic shaker with 2dof control utilizing H1 filter, Journal ofSoundandVibration326 75-87, IMVCORPORATION, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka555-0011, Japan, DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicSystemsEngineering, GraduateSchoolofInformationScienceandElectricalEngineering, KyushuUniversity, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan, DepartmentofMechanicalandControlEngineering, TokyoInstituteofTechnology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550, Japan, ElsevierLtd. George Fox Lang and Dave Snyder, Data Physics Corporation, San Jose, California ( 2001 ) , Understanding the Physics of Electrodynamic Shaker Performance, SOUND AND VIBRATION. George Fox Lang, Associate Editor 2003, Shock'n on Shakers, SOUND AND VIBRATION. Thin-Huo Chen and Chang-Ming Liaw, Member, IEEE ( 1999 ) , Vibration Acceleration Control of an Inverter-Fed Electrodynamic Shaker, IEEE/ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS, VOL. 4, 60-70, This work was supported by the National Science Council, Publisher Item Identifier. Ann Reimers and Edward Della Torre ( 2000 ) , â€Å" Calculation of opposite of magnetostriction theoretical account for Terfenol-D † , Physica B 275, 75-80, The George Washington University, Institute for Magnetics Research, 20101 Academic Way, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA, Elsevier Science B.V. M.G. Aston, R.D. Greenough B, A.G.I. Jenner B, W.J. Metheringham, K. Prajapati B ( 1997 ) Controlled high power propulsion using Terfenol-D, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 258 97-I00, ~Magnetostrictive Technology Systems Lid, Unit t 7, Newlands House, Newlands Science Park, hzglemire Lane, Hull, HU6 7TQ, UK hDepartment of Applied Physics, The University Of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK, Elsevier Science S.A. Jonathan D. Snodgrass and O.D. John bach mcmasters at EL 1997, Optimized TERFENOL-D fabrication procedures, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 258 24-29, ETREMA Products, Inc. , 2500 N. Loop Drive, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA, Elsevier Science S.A.

Reasons Why The Memberships Of Trade Blocs, Such As The EU, Has Changed Over Time

Memberships of trade blocs changed over time because countries realized that there are a huge amount of benefits to joining a trade bloc union. Benefits such as Free trade within the bloc which means that they have free access to each other’s markets, members of the trade bloc are encouraged to specialize. This means that at the regional level there is a wider application on ability to carry out a particular economic activity e. g. making a specific product more efficiently than another activity.In addition countries have Market access and trade creation which is when countries have easier access to each other's markets meaning that trade between members is likely to increase. Trade creation exists when free trade enables high cost domestic producers to be replaced by low cost and also allow more efficient imports. Because low cost imports lead to lower priced imports, there is a ‘consumption effect', with increased demand resulting from lower prices.Also Producers from the member country can benefit from the application of scale economies, which will lead to lower costs and lower prices for consumers. Jobs may be created as a consequence of increased trade between member economies. There is increased protection. Firms inside the bloc are protected from cheaper imports from outside, such as the protection of the EU shoe industry from cheap imports from China and Vietnam. There are other long-term political and social benefits to trade blocs.The countries’ economies become more intertwined also the political reasons for close cooperation within the bloc increases. Countries understand that they have a stake in each other and make greater efforts to get along. In that same way, increased business contacts usually mean that people must learn the culture of their trading partners. Many must learn new languages and different business practices. In short, more people will come into contact with each other and will need to learn more about each oth er. This breeds increased understanding amongst people.Another reason for the change is as for consumers are that there is often a greater variety of goods and services available in free trade blocs. Products like beer, detergent, clothing, and machine tools are often produced in all the countries after the free trade agreement they are often stocked in many stores. Products like satellite hook ups for televisions, computers and telephones are usually made more available to developing countries. Internet service providers are now able to sell to larger markets and more consumers have opportunities to purchase or use these services.

Exam review Essays

Exam review Essays Exam review Essay Exam review Essay Race and ethnicity: Most marriages are between members of same race Age: typical pattern is marriage within 2-3 years of ones own age Residential Propinquity: Within a geographically limited locale, the likelihood of marriage decreases as distance increases Religion: 35% of married people, married someone of different religion 2009) Marriage gradient: -The tendency for women to marry men of higher status. -Tendency for men to marry women slightly below them in age, education Early Marriage transitions: Marital task: 1. Establish marital and family roles 2. Provide emotional support 3. Adjust personal habits Establishing boundaries: The critical task is to form a family that is interdependent rather than independent or dependent. Marriage as a legal contract: Marriage in itself is a legal entity by rules and regulations. Factors such as gender, age, family relationship, and number of spouses apply. ,138 statutory provisions in which marital status is a factor in determining benefits, rights, and privileges Benefits, tax filings, inheritance, custodial rights, domestic violence protection, next of kin status. Access to family-only services, relocation and employment assistance for military spouses The Defense of Marriage Act(DOOM): Act that denied federal recognition to same-sex couples and gave states the right to legally ignore gay or lesbian marriages should they gain legal recognition in Hawaii or any other state. Signed into law by President Bill Clinton. Same-Sex Marriage: As of March 2013, 9 states (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Maine, Maryland, Washington, and the District of Columbia) allow same-sex marriage. Civil Union: A legal status created by the state of Vermont in 2000. It is a separate status for same-sex couples. It provides legal protection to couples at the state law level, but emits federal protections. Only applies to the state where issued. Different than marriage: Portability across states, various rights not given in civil unions that married couples have. Domestic Partnership: Legal relationship available to same- sex couples. It affords couples (most but not all) of the same rights, protections, and benefits of married people. Common Law Marriage: To be defined as a common law marriage a couple must (1) live as husband and wife and present themselves as married, and (2) agree that they are married, (3) some states have a time period of 6 years or more. Common law marriage was prevalent in most states pre-1920 because the availability of officials who could perform marriage ceremonies grew. Commuter marriage: An arrangement al earner couples. US census bureau reports 3. 6 million married Americans were living apart from their spouses not including those who were legally separated, this number has doubled since 1990. Not a new concept, traveling salesmen, migrant workers, soldiers on deployment have always been in this type of relationship. Interracial marriage: When two people of different racial groups marry This is a form of heterogamous Throughout US history, legal marriage has been denied to certain groups, such as blacks. After slavery, laws were enacted to prevent marriage between racial groups Even Asian immigrants were subject to laws that prevented them from marrying white US citizens Gallops recent minority rights and relations survey asks Americans if they approve or disapprove marriage between blacks and whites: 77% approved, 17% disapproved. 4. 6% of all marriages in the US in 2008 were between spouses of different racial backgrounds 8% overall are interracial, 9% whites, 15% blacks, 26% Hispanic, 31% Asians married someone from a dif race. Child Marriage: Marriage before the age of 16. Presently, 100 million girls will marry over the decade. Prevalent n areas of Africa, Bangladesh, India, Nepal(less educated, poor-more likely to marry young) Arranged Marriage: Viewed as a social, cultural , and economic necessity, the terms at which are agreed upon by the families of the future groom and bride. Estimated that 55% of marriage worldwide are arranged with a divorce rate of 4% for these marriages. Accepted practice in Iran, Afghanistan, Japan(10%), India (90%) Arranging marriages in US clashes cultures Is a common practice among US immigrant groups Polygamy(Plural): Where a man has multiple wives. Estimated 30,000-50,000 people vive polygamist lifestyle in the US, many in fundamentalist sects of the Mormon Church. Plural marriages are not legally recognized. East Asia: Before modernization, east Asian countries, china, Japan, Vietnam, permitted similar practices of polygamy South Asia: Permitted under Islamic Law; Present amongst some Muslims in South Asia. Illegal in India for the Hindus and other religious groups under the Marriage Act. Africa: Including Kenya, Sudan, And Nigeria Polyandry: Fraternal Polyandry: A group of brothers share a wife. Concentrated largely in Southeast Asia-India, Tibet, and Nepal. It is sporadically distributed in areas of Africa. Non-Fraternal Polyandry: A womans husbands are not related. Transnational Marriage: A marriage between two people from different countries Internet Brides(mail-order): A form of marriage by a middle man or agency. It has become increasingly prevalent in Russia and Asia. Marriage Tourism Industry: provides opportunity for men to get across to foreign women. Trend towards women living in less-developed countries seeking men in more developed countries. Majority of these women are from Southeast Asia (South Korea, Philippines) Countries of the former Soviet Union (Russia, Ukraine, and Latin America(Columbia). International Marriage Broker Regulation Act of 2005(lumbar): BUSH: A U. S. Federal statue that requires background checks for all marriage VISA sponsors and limits serial visa applications. Concern about fraud and abuse of foreign brides Community Property States: State in which all marital property is divided equally Washington, and Wisconsin. Non-community Property States(Common law states): Property may be divided by equitable distribution. Property that each partner brings into the marriage or receives by gift is called separate property. Property that is owned by once spouse before the marriage is separate property. Divorce: Legal termination of marriage Annulment: Legal retardation of the existence of the marriage Miscegenation: The interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types Successful Marriages: Background factors: Age at marriage, level of education, race, parental marital status Contextual Factors: Support and approval from friends and freedom from pressures to marry Individual traits and behaviors: Level of sell-esteem, inter-personal skills, physical health Couple characteristics: Being from similar backgrounds, possessing minimal values, attitudes, beliefs, gender-role expectations; communication and conflict management skills Enduring Marriages: 1 . Conflict-habituated: Tension, arguing, and conflict permeate the relationship 2. Passive-congenial: Begin without the emotional spark or intensity contained in our romantic idealizations of marriage. May be marriages of convenience that satisfy practical needs in both spouses lives. 3. Devastative: Begin with high levels of emotional intensity that dwindles over time. Eventually look like passive-congenial marriages but have a more intense history, Obligation keeps them together. . Vital: Appeal more to romantic notions of marriage because they begin and continue with high levels of emotional intensity. Conflict is not absent, but it is managed in such a manner as to make a quick resolution. 5. Total: relationships in which characteristics of vital relationships are present but to a wider and deeper degree. Spouses appear to share everything. African-American Families: 1. Have long-history of being dual-earner families as a result of economic need 2. Marital relations show signs of greater distress than the general population 3. Kinship bonds provide economic assistance and emotional support in time of need 4. Strong tradition of families with an important role played by intergenerational ties 5. African-American community values children high 6. More likely than Caucasians to live in extended households Short Answer: Factors contributing to higher levels of marital strength and satisfaction: 1. Having spouse who is a best friend and whom you like as a person 2. Believing in marriage as a long-term commitment and sacred institution 3. Consensus on such fundamentals as aims and goals and philosophy of life 4. Shared humor

History of Tin Cans and Can Openers

History of Tin Cans and Can Openers British merchant Peter Durand made an impact on food preservation with his 1810 patenting of the tin can. In 1813, John Hall and Bryan Dorkin opened the first commercial canning factory in England. In 1846, Henry Evans invented  a machine that could manufacture tin cans at a rate of 60 per hour- a significant increase over the previous rate of only six per hour. First Patented Can Opener The first tin cans were so thick they had to be hammered open. As cans became thinner, it became possible to invent dedicated can openers. In 1858, Ezra Warner of Waterbury, Connecticut patented the first can opener. The U.S. military used it during the Civil War. In 1866, J. Osterhoudt patented the tin can with a key opener that you can find on sardine cans. William Lyman: Classic Can Opener The inventor of the familiar household can opener was William Lyman, who patented a very easy to use can opener in 1870. The invention  included a wheel that rolls and cuts around the rim of a can, a design we are familiar with today. The Star Can Company of San Francisco improved William Lymans can opener in 1925 by adding a serrated edge to the wheel. An electric version of the same type of can opener was first sold in December of 1931. Beer in a Can On January 24, 1935, the first canned beer, Krueger Cream Ale, was sold by the Kruger Brewing Company of Richmond, Virginia. Pop-Top Can In 1959, Ermal Fraze invented the pop-top can (or easy-open can) in Kettering, Ohio. Aerosol Spray Cans The concept of the aerosol spray can  originated as early as 1790 when self-pressurized carbonated beverages were introduced in France.

Applying The Social Entrepreneurship Concept Commerce Essay

The aims of this undertaking is to place the societal entrepreneurship construct, to place the characteristics for ICE-Port as societal entreprenteurship construct and to plan the ICE-Port.The execution of this undertaking will be in 3 stages, job designation, demand and and analysis and besides plan phases.This undertaking is expected to finish within 2 semester.The awaited consequence of this undertaking would be ICE-Port paradigm and SDD. Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter discusses the undertaking background, job statement, purpose, aims, range and significance of the undertaking. The undertaking background presents the overview of proposed undertaking and the job statement will place the job occurs. Significance of the undertaking is besides stated in this chapter. 1.1 Undertaking Background. Entrepreneurship plans were conducted among university pupils in order to expose pupils to entrepreneurial values and accomplishments, which cover leading, invention, creativeness, resiliency, fight, independency, calculated hazard and the ability to place and make chances ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mohe.gov.my, n.d ) . To heighten the entrepreneurship programme, The Higher Education Entrepreneurship Development Policy was launched on 13 April 2010. The purpose of this policy is to promote the development of entrepreneurship plans among higher instruction pupils in a holistic mode and well-structured program.The execution of the policy is aim at bring forthing alumnuss which non merely success in academic but besides have the enterprisers attributes, believing and accomplishments, to increase the figure of enterprisers among alumnuss for the accomplishment of economic transmutation ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mohe.gov.my, n.d ) . ‘Kemahiran Insaniah ‘ plan, one of the attacks introduced by the Ministry of Higher Education ( MOHE ) for the development of human capital among university pupils has outlined entrepreneurship accomplishments as one of the 7 elements as the aims of the plan ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mohe.gov.my, n.d ) . Before the execution of the entrepreneurship policy by MOHE, UiTM one measure further in develop and back up the entrepreneurship elements among their pupils. UiTM has introduced entrepreneurship classs as an attempt to advance entrepreneurship as a feasible calling option ( Arshad, Buyong, Wahab A ; Salleh, 2011 ) . This can be seen in academic survey program which entrepreneurship class has been highlighted as one of the compulsory topic in some faculities such as Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences ( www.fskm.uitm.edu.my, n.d. ) .Other than that, one of the iniatitives is the constitution of Malayan Academy of SME A ; Entrepreneurship Development ( MASMED ) .MASMED is the combination of Pusat Pembangunan Usahawan Malaysia ( MEDEC ) , Tunas Mekar and Entrepreneurship Research and Support Centre ( ERSC ) was established in April 2010 to carry on and form entrepreneurship programmes among UiTM pupils ( hypertext transfer protocol: //masmed.uitm.edu.my,2011 ) .MASMED respo nsible to bring forth enterprisers among the UiTM pupils and to construct the entrepreneurship accomplishments and values among the pupils to better the marketability of employment. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //masmed.uitm.edu.my,2011 ) . Besides the introducing of entrepreneurship class, UiTM exposed the entrepreneurship elements through the extracurricular and club activities ( Arshad, Buyong, Wahab A ; Salleh, 2011 ) . As defined by Dalrymple and Evangelou in 2006, extracurricular activities refer to the activities which are non covered in the university course of study and it will take topographic point outside the category clip. Perlembagaan Persatuan UiTM in 2012 highlighted the activities will be conducted must supply some value to the targeted group, including entrepreneurship, academic, community service and leadership.According to Arshad, Buyong, Wahab and Salleh ( 2011 ) , there are merely 0.6 % of UiTM pupils participated in more than 3 entrepreneurship activities while analyzing. This really little per centum is due to miss of publicity on entrepreneurship activities. To back up the MOHE and UiTM attempts in developing the entrepreneurship elements and involvements among pupils, this undertaking will be attempted to happen an alternate to advance the activities to be conducted by planing a portal and using the entrepreneurship construct and societal entrepreneurship construct was chosen. As one of the pupil association, ISEC was chosen to reflect for this undertaking. Since ISEC do non hold any community battle portal, societal entrepreneurship construct will be applied for the design of ISEC community battle portal ( ICE-Port ) .In suppport MOHE and UiTM entrepreneurial mission, this portal will be functioned as one of the medium for ISEC community to derive information about ISEC and activities planned at the same clip advancing the entrepreneurship activities. 1.2 Problem Statement The non being medium to advance an entrepreneurship activities have causes the pupils to non take part in such activities. In my informal treatment with Information Systems Engineering Club ( ISEC ) commission, current patterns have been applied to advance or inform the pupils about the extracurricular and nine activities is through the societal web medium such as Facebook and through the messaging between the organiser and category representatives.There are issues originate with the current state of affairs such as the pupils do non acquire the information because bash non hold societal web history and category representatives unable to explicate in inside informations about certain activities. And since ISEC is a pupil association, in work outing the job stated, as mentioned before, this undertaking will be focused on the using a type of the entrepreneurship, societal entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurship was chosen because Minister of Higher Education Datuk Seri Mohamed Khaled Nordin in 2011 said this attack will gives pupils the chance to pattern the procedure of advanced solutions by combine cognition, entrepreneurship, and research experience.The attack, he said, can be used in order to form plans to supply societal alteration to the local community.Resolution of issues or jobs faced by the community, he said, can be addressed through plans organized by their pupils through this attack. This construct more relevant to use among ISEC commission because it is non for net income intiatives ( Austin, Stevenson A ; Wei-Skiller, 2003 ) and the net income addition will be re-invested to the ISEC community. 1.3 Aim To use sosial entrepreneurship construct for the design of ISEC Community Engagement Portal ( ICE-Port ) . 1.4 Aims The chief aims of this undertaking are: 1. To place societal entrepreneurshipconcept. 2. To place the functionalities for ISEC Community Engagement Portal ( ICE-Port ) harmonizing to societal entrepreneurship construct. 3. To plan the ICE-Port. 1.5 Scope The execution of this undertaking is to help ISEC Committee in using the entrepreneurial constructs in their activities and prosecute the community of ISEC. 1.6 Undertaking Stakeholders The possible stakeholders for this undertaking are: 1. MASMED Staff 2. ISEC Committee. 1.7 Significance of Undertaking 1. Development Team. This undertaking can help those who are interested to implement this undertaking further.This is because this undertaking will plan the undertaking harmonizing to the societal entrepreneurship constructs and it will do easy for them to develop the system. 2. ISEC Community. Once the undertaking have been implemented, it will give benefits to ISEC commission and community in footings of prosecuting the community and the information sing ISEC activities can be informed in more proper ways. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter purpose to reexamine the relevant literature of the portal development construct, community battle construct and societal entrepreneurship construct. 2.1 Portal Development 2.1.1 Definition of Portal. The portal is an individual log-on online campus services which would supply pupils with entree to online university web sites, and class information from any location. ( Cabacungan, Clark, Feldman, Flamm, Ford, etc.,2002 ) . Webopedia.com ( n.d, as cited in Maltz, 2005 ) defined a portal as a web site or service which provides many services and maps such as intelligence, hunt engines, electronic mail, forums which can pull a immense figure of users. Whereas â€Å" What is Portal † ( n.d ) defined portal as all in one web sites which contains the aggregation of information from different beginnings and incorporate it with individual entree point.Tatnall ( 2005 ) described portals as a door which enables users to entree to the other web sites by utilizing cyberspace, intranet or extranet. 2.1.2 Portal Categorization There are many types of portals as listed byTatnall in 2005 as described below: 1. General/Mega Portals. The end for this portal is to go the mainpage for their user to entree to the other websites.Free electronic mail, links to chew the fat room, shopping web sites, contains the information and intelligence about athleticss and current issues are some of the services provided by the general portal.They make their money through the advertizement, and the success of this portal are measured by their figure of visitants. 2. Vertical Industry Portals. These portals fundamentally focused on the specific industries such as wellness attention, bivouacing equipment and steel merchandises. 3. Horizontal Industry Portals. These portals are based around a group of industries and it provide their user with the information on a broad country of subjects. 4. Community Portals. It managed by community groups to portion their common involvements among each other. 5. Enterprise Information Portals. This portal designed for business-to-employee ( B2E ) processes. It enable the employees to entree and portion data.Usually can be entree utilizing intranet connexion. 6. E-marketplace Portals. It is an drawn-out of endeavor information portals but it can be entree to a company ‘s extranet connexion. Very helpful for business-to-business procedures such as engagement, reserve and supply of points. The purpose to cut down cost and to guarantee the services or order will get on clip 7. Personal/Mobile Portals. This portal was designed to do easy for nomadic user to pass on particularly from a distance. 8. Information Portals. This portal contains specific types of information such the athleticss information portals dedicated to supply information about athleticss. 2.1.3 Common Features of Portal. A research done by Butters in 2003 shown there are common characteristics in portal development. He listed as below: Utilities which includes electronic mail history, calendar and contriver. User profiling-The information about an user based on their involvements and background ( Schiaffino A ; Amandi, 2009 ) . Resource find including subject-specific and individual mark on. News/News provender. Community communicating which contains message boards and on-line treatment. Advertising refers as the advertizements through the utilizing of cyberspace. Maltz in 2005 listed the common characteristics of portal as below: Single mark on- A individual user designation and watchword will enable a user to entree all authorized systems without holding to log on in individually ( Anchan and Pegah, 2003 ) . Role-Based hallmark Newss and proclamation. Search engine. Calendar. Student information system. Directories Harmonizing to Cabacungan, Clark, Feldman, Flamm, Ford, etc ( 2002 ) , agreed with Maltz in naming the common standards of pupil portal specifically. They added pupil portal should hold: Learning Management System-Is an information system that monitors the acquisition classs and keeps path of pupil advancement records ( Brown A ; Johnson, 2007 ) . From a research based on the literature reappraisal, a functionalities that serves in pupil portal should hold characteristics as shows in the following tabular array. No. Title Author / Source Identified Functionalities 1. What features in portal? Butters, 2003 ‘http: //www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue35/butters -Utilities -User profiling -Resource find -News -Community Communication -Advertising -Leisure -Miscellaneous services. 2. Leadership development plan 2001/2002: Student portal undertaking. Cabacungan, Clark, Feldman, Flamm, Ford, etc.,2005. -Single mark on -Role-Based Authentication -Learning Management System -Search engine -Calendar -Student Information System. 3. Portals: A Personal Door to the Information Enterprise Maltz,2005 -Single mark on -Role-Based Authentication -Search engine -Calendar -Student Information System. -News and proclamation -Directories. 2.4.2 Types of Open Source For Portal Development. In this subdivision, researcher place several unfastened beginning application model to be choose for the planing the ICE-Port prototype.There are several application model identified, as described below. 1. Jetspeed. Harmonizing to ibm.com/developerWork ( n.d ) , Jetspeed, written in Java linguistic communication is a Apache Sofware Foundation merchandise, an unfastened beginning for the development a portal. Released under the Apache License, all entree to the portal is controlled through a portal security policy Provided tools for developers and user interface interior decorators, the purpose of Jetspeed is to let the rapidly portal development. It supports a assortment of entree medium such as web browsers and nomadic devices and has been widely implemented. 2.uPortal Using an unfastened standards-based engineerings such as Java and XML, uPortal provided an easy individual mark on campus application and stop user customization.A particular factor of uPortal is it is focal points on the development of universities portal. However, it still provided the common characteristics of portal. 3.LifeRay Portal A free MIT licensing fees, LifeRay is designed for easiness of usage and provided functionalities such as web logs, wikis and message boards.It allows the terminal users to custom-make their pages utilizing predefined portlets or appliance. Jetspeed uPortal LifeRay Beginnings Table 2.4.1: Comparison between unfastened beginning to be selected and used for prototyping. 2.2 Community Engagement 2.2.1 Definition. In the Principles of Community Engagement Second Edition, the writers described community battle as: â€Å" †¦ the procedure of working collaboratively with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic propinquity, particular involvement, or similar state of affairss to turn to issues impacting the wellbeing of those people † . Communities Scotland ( 2007 ) explained community battle is the procedure of affecting people in determinations that affect them, by affecting communities in the planning, development and direction of services. BlackBoard.com ( n.d ) stated, with the community battle, it can assist: To present the online communicating for campus, groups or nines. Be more efficient in presenting intelligence and proclamation based on the user ‘s function. Support multiple unit with different demands. 2.2.2 Community engagement theoretical account. Harmonizing to Hashagen in 2002, there are 6 theoretical accounts for community battle as described below: 1. Consultation/public engagement theoretical accounts. This theoretical account is frequently use by public governments in acquiring the sentiment from the society and community.It includes studies, forums and treatment and sentiment polls. 2. Asset-based/social economic system theoretical accounts. These focal point on recognizing the value of the physical assets and human resources of a community, and seek to maximize the community control over, and benefit from these assets. 3. Community democracy theoretical accounts. These set out to widen local democracy into the community by, in consequence, set uping an informal community grade of authorities. 4.Identify based theoretical accounts. Typically it is come from the minority groups. 5. Learning-led and popular instruction theoretical accounts. It focused on edifice and back uping the accomplishments and involvements among community members.It will inform the members about preparation, employment and accomplishments development chances. 6.Service development theoretical accounts. This theoretical account purpose to assist in place the community jobs and happen a manner to work out the job. For illustration this theoretical account was applied by young person nine, athleticss nine and many other nines by act as a voluntary. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation as cited by†¦ †¦ listed community battle theoretical accounts in 5 ways: 1.Providing Information. Supply information about activities to the community. 2.Consultation. Community allowed to give any feedback or sentiments sing any issues. 3.Deciding together. Involved community in determination devising. 4.Acting together. Making and moving together in determination devising. 5.Supporting independent community involvement. Gives support to commission to develop their docket. No. Title Author / Source Identified Models 1. Models of Community Engagement Hashagen, 2003 ‘https: //www.dundeecity.gov.uk/dundeecity/uploaded_publications/publication_283.pdf ‘ -Consultation/public engagement theoretical accounts. -Asset-Based/social economic system theoretical accounts. -Community democracy theoretical accounts. -Identify based theoretical accounts. -Learning-led and popular instruction theoretical accounts. -Service development theoretical accounts. 2. Good pattern in community battle from an equalitive position. Equality and Human Rights Commission,2009. ‘http: //www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/good_practice_in_community_engagement.pdf ‘ -Providing information. -Consultation. -Deciding together. -Acting together. -Supporting independent community involvement. Table 2.2.2 The theoretical accounts of community battle. From the reappraisal of community battle theoretical account, researcher choose to use the theoretical accounts as described by Equality and Human Right Commission in 2009, which are the combination of supplying information theoretical account, audience, moving together and back uping independent community involvement model.Researcher found all these theoretical accounts more relevant to be applied because ICE-Port will supply the information about the ISEC and plans will be conducted, let community to give an sentiment about any related issues, and it will give support to community to develop their docket. 2.3 Entrepreneurship 2.3.1 Definition Harmonizing Martin and Osberg ( 2007 ) , entrepreneurship can be defined as the designation, ability and chance to make a new concern or endeavor with the purpose to convey something new to the universe. Entrepreneurship can be referred as the procedure of making something new which has to hold value to the stakeholders, or people for which it is developed, have return values to an enterpriser and presuming hazards such as fiscal, phsycological and societal countries ( Hisrich, Robert, Peters A ; Shepherd, 2005 ) . BusinessDictionary.com defined entrepreneurship as the ability and preparedness to take any hazards in order to do a net income through the development and organisation of concern venture. 2.3.2 Types of entrepreneurship Blank ( 2011 ) listed there are 4 types of entrepreneurship which can be described as below: Business Entrepreneurship. Social Entrepreneurship Is an entrepreneurship construct which focuses on the resolution of societal demands by producig merchandises and services.It can be for net income or non net income but it is non to make net income for the investors. 2.3.3 Entrepreneurship rules. 2.4 Social Entrepreneurship 2.4.1 Definition. Hibbert, Hogg and Quinn in 2001 has defined societal entrepreneurship as the using the entrepreneuship rules for societal mission impact instead than for net incomes and that net incomes will be used to work out a societal demands to specific group.While Pomerantz in 2003 defined societal entrepreneurship as either single societal enterprisers and non-profit organisations action in the development of advanced, mission supporting and making jobs.Lasprogata and Cotton ( 2003 ) agreed societal entrepreneurship as the non- net incomes organisations approach which will give a greater impact on their societal mission by using the entrepreneurial rules. Social entrepreneurship as defined by Dees is the combination of societal rules and concern rules and it is differentiated from the other types of entrepreneurship by its mission related impact ( Barley, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Seelos and Mair ( 2005 ) , societal entrepreneurship refers to the attempt for compitently fulfill basic homo demands which unable to fulfill by utilizing current system. It is besides the combination between the traditional entrepreneurship with some added value to alter society. Nicholls ( 2006 ) agreed societal entrepreneurship as the utilizing the existing resources to convey societal impacts through the advanced activities and making new opportunities.Mair ( 2008 ) besides defined societal entrepreneurship as the procedure to fulfill basic demands which unable to fulfill by the organisations involved with the aim to do betterment in societal and economic structure.In other words, societal entrepreneurship can be defined as the designation of new solution and chances to address the job of unequal distribution of societal which consequences from conventional systems ( â€Å" Defining Social Entrepreneurship † , n.d ) . Another definition by Zadek and Thake ( 1997, as cited in Noruzi, Westover A ; Rahimi, 2010 ) societal entrepreneurship is the invention with the mission to make societal impact instead than personal or profit impact. As cited in SME ‘s Entrepreneurship and Innovation in 2010, Cochran ( 2007 ) defined societal entrepreneurship as the resolution of societal jobs by using the entrepreneurship principles.Zhara, Gedajlovic, Neubaum, Shulman ( 2008 ) as cited by SME ‘s, Entrepreneurship and Innovation in 2010 suggested societal entrepreneurship as the mission to convey societal wealth through its activities and making new chances and ventures in an advanced manner. 2.4.2 Differences between societal entrepreneurship and concern entrepreneurship There are many treatment about the differences between concern and societal entrepreneurship. Boschee and McClurg ( 2003 ) distinguish the concern and societal entrepreneurship as stated below: Social Responsibility Business entrepreneurship by and large do no set a direct attempt on work outing the societal jobs. This signifier of entrepreneurship dramas their societal functions through charity plan such as contribution and hold a good relationship with their employees. Whereas societal entrepreneurship attempt are straight attached to societal jobs. For illustration the societal enterprisers will engage handicapped, populating in poorness and former captives who are hard to acquire a occupation. Performance Measurement Business entrepreneurship measured their public presentation by fiscal consequences. The success or failure of undertaking is determined by the economic value to the proprietors or investors. Social entrepreneurship public presentation are measured by both societal and fiscal returns The net income are re-invested to accomplish the societal mission. Mair and Marti in 2006 described the differences between concern and societal entrepreneurship as below: Aims. Business entrepreneurship precedence given to economic value. Whereas societal entrepreneurship precedence given to societal value. This does non intend the net incomes do non necessary in societal entrepreneurship, it is besides of import to guarantee the attempt sustainability and autonomy. Uhlig ( n.d ) with the same sentiment besides stated: Percept of Value. For concern entrepreneurship, the enterpriser and investors will concentrate for the return on investing as the chief value. While societal entrepreneurship lies in the societal impact and benefits which can work out the societal jobs and demands. The value for net income besides of import to re-invested for the following societal entrepreneurship activities. Wealth Creation Approach. â€Å" The concern entrepreneurship is driven to introduce within a commercial market, to the ultimate benefit of consumers. If successful, the invention creates wealth. The venture ‘s success is gauged by how much wealth it creates † . â€Å" To the societal entrepreneurship, wealth creative activity is necessary, but non for its ain interest. Rather, wealth is merely a tool the enterpriser uses to consequence societal alteration. The grade to which heads are changed, enduring is alleviated or unfairness is reversed represents the organisation ‘s success. † 2.4.3 Differences between societal entrepreneurship and charity ( traditional non-profit ) Social entrepreneurship besides differed from charity. Meldrum in 2011 described the differences as below: Role of Social Value Creation. The charity exist to redistribute income aggregation to those needed. While societal entrepreneurship making the new thoughts in order to better and give benefits to society. Social Structure. Charity works within bing constructions in society. However, societal entrepreneurship will place the societal jobs and creates chances to work out the job. Purpose. Charity to ease of load while societal entrepreneurship intent is to better the societal status. Fiscal In footings of fiscal, charity chiefly financed through contribution while societal entrepreneurship financed through the conducted activities. While Boschee and McClurg in 2003 differentiate societal entrepreneurship and traditional non net income as belows: Sustainability and Autonomy. Charity has been driven by a dependence theoretical account, trusting chiefly on voluntarism and governement or upper direction support in footings of income.The writers besides believed every bit long as the charity organisation depends on the 3rd party, they will ne’er go sustainable and self sufficient. For societal entrepreneurship, the aid from the authorities and voluntary are welcome, but they do non chiefly depends on it. Based on the definition and comparing between societal entrepreneurship construct and the other constructs, in general, societal entrepreneurship can be clearly described as below: Characteristics/ Beginnings Social Mission Business Principles Non-Profit For-Profit Invention Hibbert, Hogg A ; Quinn ( 2001 ) / / / / Pomerantz ( 2003 ) / / / Lasprogata A ; Cotton ( 2003 ) / / / / Dees as cited by Barley ( 2009 ) / / Seelos A ; Mair ( 2005 ) / / Nicholls ( 2006 ) / / Mair ( 2008 ) / Specifying Social Entrepreneurship ( n.d ) . / / Zadek and Thake ( 1997 ) cited by Noruzi, Westover A ; Rahimi, 2010 / / / / Cochran ( 2007 ) as cited by SME ‘s Entrepreneurship and Innovation ( 2010 ) / / Zhara, Gedajlovic, Neubaum, Shulman ( 2008 ) , as cited by SME ‘s Entrepreneurship and Innovation ( 2010 ) / / / Austin, Stevenson, Wei-Killer ( 2006 ) / Meldrum ( 2011 ) / / Uhlig ( n.d ) / / Boschee A ; McClur ( 2003 ) / / / Table 2.4 The component of societal entrepreneurship From the literature reappraisal, research worker has identified the societal entrepreneurship construct related to be applied for the design of ICE-Port. In general, all the literature stated shared the same thoughts about the societal entrepreneurship that are its nonsubjective is to decide the societal job, and the plans are societal enterprisers invention and it is applied concern entrepreneurship rules. Social entrepreneurship besides is for non-profit organisation which deriving and re-investing net income for the following entrepreneurial programs.From the literature, researcher agreed on Hibbert, Hogg and Quinn review.They has defined societal entrepreneurship as the using the entrepreneuship rules for societal mission impact instead than for net incomes and that net incomes will be used to work out a societal demands to specific group.This sentiment more relevant for this undertaking because it is non merely concentrate on the societal mission but besides using entrepreneursh ip rules as stated in the literature early.Since ISEC is a non-profit association, the net income addition from the plans conducted will be reinvested for the following ISEC programs.This undertaking besides will non merely focuses on ISEC community societal demands, but it will looking to the broad country of societal jobs which can non be satisfy by the conventional approach.From the research worker position, it is non needfully to introduce new plans, but it can besides accommodate the being societal mission plans, harmonizing to UiTM pupils environment. 2.4.4 Features in Social Entrepreneurship Websites. Dees ( 2001 ) stated the term of societal entrepreneurship may be something new but the phenomenon is non. There are many societal enterprisers before even cipher name them with that term.For a long clip, entrepreneurship does benefits society by bring forthing new, utile and valuable merchandises and provides more occupation chances. ( Austin, Stevenson A ; Skillern, 2006 ) . Martin A ; Osberg ( 2001 ) besides stated the rebranding by utilizing the societal entrepreneurship term is quickly pulling attending from many sectors. In 2006, the Nobel Prize Award to Mohammad Yunus, the laminitis for the Gramen Bank which has helped 1000s of people, largely adult females, out of poorness, thrust societal entrepreneurship into the planetary attending ( Noruzi, Westover A ; Rahimi, 2010 ) . He believed that the hapless people have under-utilized accomplishments because of the conservative systems and constructions fail to supply the necessary resources to them. From this issue, he founded the Gramen Bank in 1976 to supply loans to the hapless people in his hometown, Bangladesh ( Seelos A ; Mair,2005 ) .Other than Yunus, there are many societal enterprisers and they are utilizing internet platform in advancing their societal mission.Researcher have done some reappraisal on the societal entrepreneurship websites to place the characteristics of societal entrepreneurship web sites. Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) In support their pupils societal involvements and demands, MIT provide a broad scope of support for societal activities.It aid pupils to acquire involved in the societal issues and function communities itself.The characteristics provided in hypertext transfer protocol: //web.mit.edu/mitpsc are: What We Do-Describes the activities among their communities involved such as volunteering plan, family and internship, grants and service acquisition. Opportunities-Includes the public service undertakings outside the campus such as: Service Fair -It ‘s a great chance to happen out about community service that matches your involvements. Civic Engagement-Interaction among communities and authorities including take part in political mass meeting and vote enrollment. Yunus Challenge-New waste development such as medical equipment waste and waste direction. Davis Project For Peace-For MIT undergraduate pupils, this plan provide $ 10 000 family for undertaking that promotes peace, to be implemented during a summer. Support the PSC with donation-Special plans for MIT alumnas association who want to maintain back uping the plan by give a contribution. Buzzbank Buzzbnk is an online crowd support platform that advancing societal ventures to all walks of life and gaining fund for the demands of the community to do the thoughts become world. The community can pass their money and clip, and besides convey the societal message among their friends.Buzzbnk charges 5 percent fee on fund raised for each venture.According to https: //www.buzzbnk.org/ , the characteristics were included are: Explore Projects contains the lists of undertaking have done and approaching projects.Examples of undertakings are Provide Sustainable Homes for Women, Pants to Poverty and Our No Spray Potato Can Feed the World. Searching which specified on the societal entrepreneurship elements such as hunt for highest support undertaking, highest support sum, most popular undertaking and merely started project.Users besides can seek based on the classs such as animate beings, art, instruction and environment. Make a Loan-The inside informations on how to be the fundraiser. Submit Project- Allow their community to convey the thought to do support become world. Kiva Was founded in 2005, Kiva is a non-profit organisation with a mission to prosecute people through their activities in cut downing the poorness rate.Kiva lets persons impart from $ 25 to assist people in need.Social entrepreneurship characteristics included in Kiva web site, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kiva.org are: How Kiva works-Describe the procedures to affect in Kiva activities. Kiva Social Performance-Identify single societal public presentation strength such as Anti-Poverty, Vulnerable Group and Family and Community Empowerment. Community-contains list of members which have lend their money harmonizing to the specific societal group such as alumnas, concern, spiritual, young person and athleticss. Get down some good Harmonizing to Ueland ( 2011 ) , Start Some Good is a site for societal enterprisers to gather a community and raise the financess needed to make alteration. Its end is to be the best platform for societal enterprisers to establish and turn the advanced ventures needed to better communities and the universe. Anyone including for- net income and non-profit-making organisation can affect in fund-raising runs. It charges 5 per centum of the sum raised.Features included in hypertext transfer protocol: //startsomegood.com are: Support good-Promoting and back uping the societal activities organized by the other party. Discover good-Contains lists of discover ventures such as Do Good Bus, Real Good Food and LearnToLive. Start good-The community can get down and propose their thoughts on societal ventures and the Start some good committe will supply the resources to get down the activities.This is to enable their community to make the hereafter they want for their communities. Community-Start some good community enrollment and battle. From a research based on the literature reappraisal, a functionalities that serves in societal entrepreneurship web sites should hold characteristics as shows in the following tabular array. Features/Organization Massachusetts institute of technology Buzzbnk Kiva Get down some good How it works? / / / Allow community to get down any new undertaking / / / Lists of undertakings / / / / Searching based on societal service involvements / / / / Alumni societal services plans. / / / Table 2.4.4 Social Entrepreneurship websites characteristics. The reappraisal on the common characteristics of societal entrepreneurship web sites besides help researcher to understand its concept.From the literature reappraisal of the common websites characteristics of societal entrepreneurship construct, research worker can reason the of import characteristics to be included are how does the portal work for the societal enterprisers to affect and show their thoughts towards the activities to be conducted, the different societal entrepreneurship undertakings classs such as about environment, humanity, animate beings and education.Other than that, the portal users should able to happen the societal plans harmonizing to their involvements and the ISEC alumnas should acquire involved in the plans by carry oning the particular societal mission plans for them. 2.4 Summary. In this subdivision, the treatment of related literature reappraisal has been made to back up this undertaking. From the analysis of the Table 2.4, research worker has agreed with Hibbert, Hogg and Quinn reappraisal. Basically all of the writers shared the same thought, but the thought from these writers more relevant to be applied in ICE-Port.From the Table 2.4.4, research worker has choose to unite the all 4 common characteristics from the societal entrepreneurship web sites, which are the description of the process to be involved in the plan conducted, it will let their community to get down any new undertaking, ICE-Port besides will included the list of the undertakings with the inside informations, provide hunt map based on societal enterprisers involvement and will let ISEC alumnas to acquire involved with the plans. Chapter 3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY This chapter describes about undertaking methodological analysis, stages, activities and its deliverables. 3.1 Methodology. This undertaking uses the methodological analysis as described in Figure 3.1 as a guideline to accomplish the purpose of the undertaking. It consists of three stages. This methodological analysis is of import to guarantee the aims of this undertaking can be achieved. Figure 3.1 illustrates the overview of the undertaking attack and methodological analysis that will be used in planing the ICE-Port. Phase Activities Deliverables Problem Designation -Discuss current job with ISEC commission. -Collect the diary and articles and analyze on societal entrepreneurship construct. -Review the literatures on the common characteristics of pupil portal. -Review the literatures on the common characteristics of societal entrepreneurship web sites -Description of job statement, purpose, acope, aims and the significance of undertaking. -The construct of societal entrepreneurship identified. -The common characteristics of pupil portal identified. -The common characteristics of pupil portal identified. 1st objective-Project proposal. Requirement and Analysis -Analysis and choosing functionalities for ICE-Port. -Analysis and choosing the functionalities of ICE-Port with the societal entrepreneurship construct. – Requirement confirmation Develop paradigm of ICE Port on selected SE functionalities. Create confirmation cheque templet. -Verify functionalities of a SE in ICE-Port through paradigm presentation with the user. -Description of functionalities of ICE-Port as harmonizing to SE construct. -SE functionalities for ICE-Port are identified. -The paradigm for ICE-Port is demonstrated and verified. -Checklist of confirmation on paradigm. -SRS 2nd nonsubjective Design -Designing theoretical account Identify suited application model Customized the design of selected application model harmonizing to SE functionalities -ICE-Port paradigm designed. -SDD -Project presentation by using SE paradigm. 3rd nonsubjective Figure 3.1 Project Methodology. 3.2 Methodology Description 3.2.1 Problem Identification Phase. In this stage, a preliminary interview session is prepared to help the research worker to behavior an interview.The purpose of carry oning the interview is to place the job of the undertaking. For this undertaking, research worker has done informal treatment with ISEC commission. Problem statement, the purpose, range, aims and significance of the undertaking has been identified.To derive the apprehension on the societal entrepreneurship construct, research worker has collect and analyse the diaries and articles on societal entrepreneurship.Researcher besides has reappraisal on the common characteristics of portal and societal entrepreneurship web sites. The deliverables of this stage are the description of job statement, undertaking purpose, aims, range and significance of undertaking, societal entrepreneurship construct designation, the common characteristics of pupil portal and societal entrepreneurship web sites, undertaking agenda and the undertaking proposal. 3.2.2 Requirement and Analysis. In this stage, the activities to be conducted are analysis the functionalities of ICE- Port harmonizing to the societal entrepreneurship construct and the identified functionalities will be selected for the design of ICE-Port. The demand confirmation will be conducted through the paradigm presentation with the user. The deliverables of this stage are the description of functionalities of ICE-Port as harmonizing to societal entrepreneurship construct, the checklist on the confirmation of paradigm and SRS will besides be produced. 3.2.3 Design. In the design stage, research worker will happen and place the suited application model for the development of portal and theoretical account will be designed. The selected application model will be customized harmonizing to societal entrepreneurship functionalities. The deliverables of this stage are SDD, and planing the concluding paradigm for ICE-Port. 3.3 Summary. This chapter discussed on the methodological analysis to be used for the project.Project methodological analysis is of import for the research worker as a guideline and guarantee the research worker to non divert from the undertaking scope.Currently, this undertaking has done the first stage that is job designation. Chapter 4 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE Chapter 5 Undertaking Plan This subdivision will depict the undertaking program and work breakdown construction for this undertaking. 5.1 Project Timeline The planned agenda of this undertaking as described in Table 5.1 below. No Undertaking Duration ( Days ) Start End 1 Semester 5 – Undertaking Formulation 105 10 Sep 2012 27 Dis 2012 2 Problem Designation 7 10 Sep 2012 17 Sep 2012 3 Identify Research Area 4 Identify Supervisor A A A 5 Individual Assessment 94 21 Sep 2012 27 Dis 2012 6 Undertaking Topic 2 21 Sep 2012 23 Sep 2012 7 Preliminary Probe 14 24 Sep 2012 8 Oct 2012 8 Research Background 5 15 Oct 2012 19 Oct 2012 9 Undertaking Aim, Scope, Objective and Problem Statement Submission 2 4 Nov 2012 6 Nov 2012 10 Literature Review Submission 1 3 Nov 2012 4 Nov 2012 11 Develop Research Methodology 9 5 Nov 2012 13 Nov 2012 12 Mock Up Presentation 2 17 Nov 2012 18 Nov 2012 13 Proposal Presentation 17 A 26 Nov 2012 A 13 Dis 2012 14 Proposal Submission 17 10 Dis 2012 27 Dis 2012 No Undertaking Duration ( Weeks ) Start ( Month ) 1 Semester 6 – Undertaking Formulation 12 2 Requirement Analysis 3 Analysis and choosing the functionalities of ICE-Port with the societal entrepreneurship construct. 4 Feb 2013 4 Fixing SRS and paradigm 4 March2013 5 Requirement Verification and Validation 1 April2012 6 7 Design 8 Find suited application architecture model. 9 Identify design of selected application model 1 April 2013 10 11 SDD and Prototype 12 Customized the design of selected model harmonizing to SE functionalities 4 May 2013 Table 5.1 The undertaking timeline is of import to gauge the continuance of your undertaking, and place order in which activities should be performed.Currently this undertaking has done with Semester 5 undertaking preparation timeline.The following phases will be started on February 2003.The undertaking appraisal by utilizing Gantt Chart is attached in the Appendix subdivision. Chapter 6 ANTICIPATED RESULT AND CONCLUSION This chapter discusses the description of the expected consequence of proposed undertaking and the decision. 6.1 Anticipated Consequence The awaited consequence from this undertaking is to plan an ICE-Port based on the analysis of the identified societal entrepreneurship concept.The design will be represented in a paradigm and SDD.This undertaking is expected to be completed in two semesters ( refer to the undertaking agenda in Appendix ) . 6.2 Decision The execution of this undertaking tends to turn to the less of the engagement in the entrepreneurship activities jobs among UiTM pupils. Since ISEC commission confronting a job on advancing their activities to the community, ISEC was chosen to reflect for this project.Social entrepreneurship construct was chosen because it is more suited in the pupils environment.With the awaited consequence explained above, it is expectantly that this undertaking will give benefits for the ISEC community and the proclamation or publicity for the entrepreneurship activities can be more effectual and attractive. Appendix Academic survey program which entrepreneurship class has been highlighted as one of the compulsory topic in some faculities.